Question :
21.The incremental decision model based research showing that:
a.a manager with : 1302649
21.The incremental decision model is based on research showing that:
a.a manager with a proposal can get his idea implemented by breaking it down into small steps and installing one step before going on to another.
b.many major organizational decisions occur through a series of smaller decisions made over a fairly long period of time.
c.programmed decisions involve several mathematical formulas that build on each other.
d.none of these.
22.Which of the following are characteristics of organized anarchies?
a.Clearly defined problems, unclear technology and turnover
b.Unclear technology, turnover, and problematic preferences
c.Slow change, nonbureaucratic environment, and turnover
d.Rapid change, ambiguous goals, and routine technology
23.In the garbage can model of decision making:
a.a “choice opportunity” could explain an odd choice simply because it was time to make some decision.
b.participants provide the stability needed to explain decision making, and remove its otherwise random quality.
c.the company has an insufficient level of technology.
d.all of these.
24.The garbage can model shows:
a.how poor inputs into decision making results in poor decisions.
b.how decisions can be made in mechanistic organizations.
c.four streams of events which influence decision making.
d.decision making in a stable environment.
25.Which of the following is not one of the four streams relevant to organizational decision making?
a.Problems
b.Consequences
c.Potential solutions
d.Participants
26.In the garbage can model:
a.solutions may be proposed even when problems do not exist.
b.choices are not made unless problems are solved.
c.many problems are solved.
d.no problem is allowed to persist without being solved.
27.The agreement among managers about the nature of a problem or opportunity and about which goals and outcomes to pursue is referred to as:
a.organizational decision making.
b.problemistic search.
c.organized anarchy.
d.problem consensus.
28.____ refers to understanding and agreement about how to solve problems and reach organizational goals.
a.Decision learning
b.Technical knowledge
c.Intuitive decision making
d.Management science
29.According to the contingency framework for decision models, the Carnegie Model for organizational decision making should be used when:
a.there is high uncertainty in both problems and solutions and uncertain problems and certain solutions.
b.managers agree on goals and look for optimal solutions.
c.decisions are nonprogrammable and can be made by an individual.
d.all of these–the Carnegie Model should be used in every cell of the framework.
30.Only by making mistakes can managers and organizations go through the process of ____ and acquire sufficient experience and knowledge to perform more effectively in the future.
a.escalating commitment
b.nonprogrammed decision making
c.problem consensus
d.decision learning