81.
Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:
A.
object permanence.
B.
egocentrism.
C.
hypo-deductive reasoning.
D.
conservation.
82.
Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
A.
sensorimotor
B.
preoperational
C.
concrete operational
D.
formal operational
83.
Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?
A.
Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
B.
Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period.
C.
No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.
D.
No. Children can reason much earlier than this, during the preoperational period.
84.
In most elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. In the context of Piaget’s theory, which of the following best supports this trend?
A.
Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables.
B.
According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage are too egocentric.
C.
Children are incapable of understanding the idea of reversibility until the beginning of the formal operational period.
D.
Dealing with variables requires mastering the principle of conservation, which does not usually appear until adolescence.
85.
Preschoolers can hold only two or three chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold _____.
A.
five
B.
eight
C.
seven
D.
ten
86.
Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth-grader. When the children fail a recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down. The difference in the girls’ responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _____ during childhood.
A.
memory capacity
B.
metacognitive ability
C.
operational thinking
D.
proximal development
87.
As compared to Piaget, Vygotsky placed _____ emphasis on the _____ bases of cognitive development.
A.
less; social
B.
less; linguistic
C.
more; social
D.
more; perceptual
88.
Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was facing trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?
A.
Piaget’s concept of conservation
B.
Erikson’s concept of industry versus inferiority
C.
Piaget’s concept of concrete operational thought
D.
Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development
89.
Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt _____ than do boys.
A.
6 months earlier
B.
2 years earlier
C.
6 months later
D.
2 years later
90.
_____ is the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.
A.
Puberty
B.
Amenorrhea
C.
Menopause
D.
Sensorimotor stage
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