51. An employee who engages in absenteeism or tardiness most represents: 
A. behavior change.
B. psychological withdrawal.
C. physical withdrawal.
D. physiological withdrawal.

If the job conditions cannot be changed, a dissatisfied worker may be able to solve the problem by leaving the job.

52. Denise is very dissatisfied with her job situation, but she does not perceive any other employment opportunities, so she stays and spends most of the workday dreaming about nonwork matters. Which of the following behaviors is she experiencing? 
A. Physical withdrawal
B. Psychological withdrawal
C. Change behaviors
D. Physiological withdrawal

When dissatisfied employees are unable to change their situation or remove themselves physically from their jobs, they may psychologically disengage themselves from their jobs. Although they are physically on the job, their minds may be somewhere else.

53. The degree to which an employee identifies with an organization and is willing to put forth effort on its behalf is called: 
A. job satisfaction.
B. organizational identification.
C. organizational commitment.
D. organizational satisfaction.

Individuals who feel they have been unjustly treated by their employer often respond by reducing their level of commitment and are often looking for the first good chance to quit their jobs.

54. Low job involvement and low organizational commitment are: 
A. essentially the same thing.
B. forms of psychological disengagement.
C. examples of physical withdrawal that are related to job dissatisfaction.
D. examples of physical withdrawal that are not related to job satisfaction.

The psychological disengagement can take several forms. First, if the primary dissatisfaction has to do with the job itself, the employee may display a very low level of job involvement. A second form of psychological disengagement, which can occur when the dissatisfaction is with the employer as a whole, is a low level of organizational commitment.

55. In Company ABC, employee X is found to be involved in data theft. He is: 
A. low on organizational commitment.
B. low on job involvement.
C. high on organizational commitment.
D. high on job involvement.

Organizational commitment is the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization and is willing to put forth effort on its behalf.

56. Job satisfaction may be best defined as: 
A. a pleasurable feeling that results from the perception that one's job fulfills or allows the fulfillment of one's important job values.
B. the degree to which an employee identifies with an organization and is willing to put forth effort on its behalf.
C. the performance of one's job duties so as to satisfy the requirements of the job.
D. the degree to which people identify themselves with their jobs or career.

The three important aspects of job satisfaction are values, importance of individual views, and perception.

57. The three components of job satisfaction are: 
A. compensation, working conditions, and peer support.
B. values, perceptions, and importance of individual views.
C. job involvement, organizational commitment, and job withdrawal.
D. physical environment, social environment, and the person.

Job satisfaction is a pleasurable feeling that results from the perception that one's job fulfills or allows for the fulfillment of one's important job values.

58. A person's "frame of reference": 
A. is not likely to influence a person's perceptions.
B. is a standard point that serves as a comparison for other points and thus provides meaning.
C. usually reflects some unusual experience in the person's past.
D. is a person's basic personality trait that influences how he/she perceives the world.

In particular, people's perceptions are often strongly influenced by their frame of reference.

59. In Company PQR, employee X values high pay above all else; employee Y values the opportunity to travel; and employee Z values staying within his home geographic region. All employees are able to fulfill their respective values through their jobs. This exemplifies: 
A. job withdrawal.
B. job involvement.
C. job satisfaction.
D. social environment.

Job satisfaction is a pleasurable feeling that results from the perception that one's job fulfills or allows for the fulfillment of one's important job values.

60. In Company XYZ, an upper-level executive offered a 6 percent salary increase to a lower-level manager and expected this to make the manager happy because inflation was only 3 percent. This is: 
A. the manager's frame of reference.
B. the top management's frame of reference.
C. the performance system's frame of reference.
D. the executive's frame of reference.

Frame of reference is a standard point that serves as a comparison for other points and thus provides meaning.

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