Question :
51.According to constructionist theory, memories of life experiences may be : 1231251
51.According to constructionist theory, memories of life experiences may be described by all but which of the following?
A)distorted simplifications of actual events and experiences
B)fabrications
C)missing important details
D)like impressionist paintings
E)mental snapshots of experiences
52.In a study reported in the text, African American children were told stories in which light- and dark-complexioned African American characters were associated with either positive or negative attributes. When the children were asked to recall the stories, what happened?
A)The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
B)The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
C)The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
D)The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
E)The children were able to remember all stories equally well, regardless of the attributes assigned to the characters.
53.The “Try It Out” Feature in your text, “What’s in the Photograph?” applies which concept from the unit on memory?
A)People are better able to recall information that is consistent with their existing schemas.
B)People can better recall data that they have “chunked” into smaller bits.
C)Emotionally arousing events can leave vivid, flashbulb memories permanently etched into the brain.
D)False memories of events that never took place can be induced experimentally.
E)Memory retrieval is impaired by a lack of retrieval cues, as well as by failure to encode information.
54.Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories.
A)less vivid and less accurate than
B)more vivid and more accurate than
C)more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
D)less vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
E)more vivid and less accurate than
55.Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean’s experience is an example of which of the following?
A)retrograde amnesia
B)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C)overlearning
D)misinformation effect
E)flashbulb memory
56.Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with
A)misinformation effects.
B)recovered memories of early childhood abuse.
C)emotionally-charged experiences.
D)near death experiences.
E)situations that are similar to the situation in which the memory was first encoded.
57.Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors.
B)Eyewitnesses are more likely to make mistakes when identifying members of a race other than their own.
C)The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person’s testimony is likely to be.
D)People who take longer to answer questions in giving testimony are less likely to be accurate than those who respond quickly.
E)Highly attractive or highly unattractive faces are more likely to be accurately identified than faces of average attractiveness.
58.______ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory.
A)The serial position effect
B)Proactive interference
C)The primacy effect
D)Retroactive interference
E)The misinformation effect
59.All but which of the following factors influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
A)ease of recall
B)degree of confidence
C)the serial position effect
D)general knowledge about a subject
E)types of questions asked
60. When questioning eyewitnesses, open-ended questions tend to _________ but tend to elicit _________.
A)lead to misidentification of perpetrators; more information
B)greater confidence in eyewitness testimony; less information
C)fewer misidentifications than leading questions; more information
D)increase accuracy, fewer details
E)decrease accuracy, more details
