Question : 51) Assume that emissions from electric utilities contribute to pollution : 1245102

Economics

51) Assume that emissions from electric utilities contribute to pollution in the form of acid rain. Which of the following describes how this affects the market for electricity?

A) The equilibrium in the market is not efficient; the marginal benefit from electricity is greater than the marginal social cost.

B) A deadweight loss occurs; at equilibrium the additional social cost of production is greater than the additional benefit to consumers.

C) The equilibrium in the market is not efficient; because of the cost of the acid rain, economic efficiency would be greater if more electricity were produced.

D) The equilibrium in the market is not efficient; consumer surplus is equal to producer surplus.

52) Medical research that ends in a cure for a serious disease produces positive externalities. What is the impact of this positive externality on economic efficiency?

A) At equilibrium, less than the economically efficient quantity of medical research is produced.

B) A deadweight loss occurs because at equilibrium the marginal social cost of medical research is greater than the marginal social benefit.

C) At equilibrium, more than the economically efficient quantity of medical research is produced.

D) A deadweight loss occurs because at equilibrium the marginal social cost equals the marginal social benefit.

Figure 4-18

Suppose there are several paper mills producing paper for a market. These mills, located upstream from a fishing village, discharge a large amount of wastewater into the river. The waste material affects the number of fish in the river, and the use of the river for recreation and as a public water supply source. Figure 4-18 shows the paper market. Use this Figure to answer the following question(s).

53) Refer to Figure 4-18. What does S1 represent?

A) the market supply curve that reflects social cost

B) the market supply curve that reflects only external cost

C) the market supply curve that reflects only private benefit

D) the market supply curve that reflects private cost

54) Refer to Figure 4-18. What does S2 represent?

A) the market supply curve that reflects social cost

B) the market supply curve that reflect private cost

C) the market supply curve that reflects external cost

D) the market supply curve that reflects social benefit

55) Refer to Figure 4-18. What is the economically efficient output level?

A) Q1

B) Q2 minus Q1

C) Q2

D) Q1 plus Q2

56) Refer to Figure 4-18. What is the deadweight loss from producing at the market equilibrium?

A) area C

B) area E

C) area D

D) area F

57) Refer to Figure 4-18. Why is there a deadweight loss?

A) because the marginal social cost of producing each additional unit in excess of Q2 exceeds the marginal benefit

B) because the marginal private cost of producing each additional unit in excess of Q2 exceeds the marginal benefit

C) because the marginal social benefit of producing each additional unit in excess of Q2 exceeds the private cost

D) because the marginal private benefit of producing each additional unit in excess of Q2 exceeds the social cost

Figure 4-19

Figure 4-19 shows a market with an externality. The current market equilibrium output of Q1 is not the economically efficient output. The economically efficient output is Q2.

58) Refer to Figure 4-19. Suppose the current market equilibrium output of Q1 is not the economically efficient output because of an externality. The economically efficient output is Q2. In that case, diagram shows

A) the effect of a subsidy granted to producers of a good.

B) the effect of an excess demand in a market.

C) the effect of a positive externality in the consumption of a good.

D) the effect of a negative externality in the consumption of a good.

59) Refer to Figure 4-19. If, because of an externality, the economically efficient output is Q2 and not the current equilibrium output of Q1, what does D1 represent?

A) the demand curve reflecting external benefits

B) the demand curve reflecting social benefits

C) the demand curve reflecting private benefits

D) the demand curve reflecting the sum of private and social benefits

60) Refer to Figure 4-19. If, because of an externality, the economically efficient output is Q2 and not the current equilibrium output of Q1, what does D2 represent?

A) the demand curve reflecting external benefits

B) the demand curve reflecting social benefits

C) the demand curve reflecting private benefits

D) the demand curve reflecting the sum of social and external benefits

Figure 4-20

Figure 4-20 shows the market for measles vaccinations, a product whose use generates positive externalities.

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July 1, 2023

NAME _____________________ (317 points possible) earned ________ Page 1

Basic Aviation CrossCountry Planning Assignment

Due date May 6, 2021

Objective: Plan a cross-country flight in a Cessna 172 from Will Rogers Airport (OKC)

in Oklahoma City to Cox Airport at Paris, Texas (PRX) to Addison Airport (ADS) at

Dallas, Texas. Use pre-flight planning resources available within to ensure that the flights

can be conducted safely and legally. Departure date 4/7/21.

GIVEN:

Use Dallas-Ft. Worth sectional chart

OKC departure time -- 1900Z

True Airspeed (TAS) -- 110 kts

Distances -- measure in nautical miles

Fuel Consumption -- 11.0 gallons per hour

Pilot -- (name – Ace) 190 lbs. Private pilot 17 years old

Passenger -- (name – Joker) 150 lbs. Student pilot 16 years old

Luggage -- 20 lbs.

Aircraft empty weight -- 1350 lbs. & Moment 51.5

Fuel Tanks Full – (48 gal) (Min. octane – 100) 12/7/19 at 1830Z

Cessna 172 -- single-engine, 150 hp, fixed pitch prop, flaps, non-retracting gear

What is the youngest legal age Ace (as PIC) could be on this x-country? ___________

The minimum medical certificate required for Ace is a _____________ Class.

What telephone number will Ace use to call for a

Flight Service Station briefing? ___ _____ ______ _________

When Ace received an initial FSS briefing more than six hours prior to departure, he

requested an ________ briefing. A complete briefing an hour before the proposed

departure is a _________briefing. Another call to the FSS just minutes prior

to the flight for a specific segment is referred to as an ___________ briefing.

A Special VFR Clearance can be requested by Ace at night. T F

Ace’s proposed departure time from OKC is 1900Z, convert that to local time. _________ central standard time _______ 24-hour clock time

TFR stands for _____________ ____________ ___________

Can Ace knowingly violate a FAR during an emergency? Yes No

Find weather surface observations (METAR) to determine if the airports Page 2

are currently reporting VFR conditions.

What are the cloud base(AGL), visibility(SM ) and visibility restriction at:

OKC --

PRX --

ADS --

METAR KOKC 301245Z 28009KT / 17SM / SKC / 27/11 / A2970

METAR KPRX 301245Z 21012KT / 3SM BR/ FEW 004 SCT120 / 27/11 / A2968

METAR KADS 301246Z 18011G25 / 5SM -RA / BKN11 / 28/24 / A2974

Based on these METARs, do VFR conditions exist? Y N (circle one)

PILOT REPORTS (PIREP)

(UA) OKC UA /OV OKC/ TM 1917/ FL 045/ TP C172/ TA 11/ WV 18037/

TB Occasional moderate turbulence surface to 50. Smooth above.

1. What kind of turbulence might Ace

expect while departing OKC to PRX? __________________

2. Ace may have to slow the airplane to what V-speed? _______________

3. Why?

4. If Ace encountered severe turbulence, which flight

condition should he attempt to maintain? _______________________

5. Determine the following from the PIREP above:

Altitude - _____________ Type of aircraft - _____________

Temperature - _________ Winds aloft - _____________

Location - ____________ Time - ___________

6. When unforecasted adverse weather is experienced during flight, it is

recommended to advise the FSS with a Pilot Report (PIREP). T F

7. A PIREP can be transmitted to a FSS over a communication radio. T F

8. A PIREP is a portion of a FSS preflight briefing. T F

If the rotating beacon is in operation at ADS (1) what colors will be observed …and

(2) it indicates what during daylight hours?

Forecasted winds/temperature aloft (FD) Page 3

(Do not interpolate -- use nearest forecast altitude)

FT 3000 6000 9000 12000

OKC 0608 2012+17 2337+02 3337-04

On the sectional map draw true course lines, determine distances, and find magnetic

variation. Then decode forecasted winds aloft and use OKC (FD) for all leg segments.

First leg >> OKC to PRX >> altitude -- 13,500 ft.

Distance ________nm True Course (TC) ____________ degrees

FD_________ degrees ________ kts Ground speed (GS) ________ kts

Wind correction angle (WCA) ______degrees (L or R) Time Enroute _______min.

True heading (TH)____degrees Magnetic Heading (MH) ______ degrees

Isogonic value (MV)______degrees (E or W) Fuel consumed ____gal

What is the Density Altitude at OKC?

(Refer to Figure 8, A2-9 and OKC METAR)

Altimeter setting _______ Conversion factor _______ Airport elevation_______

Temperature _______ Pressure Altitude _______ Density altitude _______

Ace finds this data block on the sectional chart. Indicate the meaning of each entry. (9 points possible)

Will Rogers (OKC)

CT – 119.35 C ATIS 125.85

1295 L 98

***ATTENTION: Fill in the blanks from 1 to 17 for the OKC to PRX leg only,

(also, which FSS?) …some creativity may be necessary! [See appendix A]

See PRX AFD [appendix B] for the following questions

What frequency activates the VASI for runway 35 at PRX? __________ This VASI

has a __________ degree glide angle and threshold crossing height of __________ feet.

PRX has an AWOS: What is it? ________ What frequency? _______

RUNWAYS RUNWAYS RUNWAYS Page 4

1. PRX has four runways/landing surfaces. What are they?

____/____ ____/____ ____/____ ___________

2. Based on the PRX METAR answer Ace’s landing consideration:

a. ….wind direction ________ b. wind velocity _________

c. …land on which specific runway _____

1. width?________ 2. length?_____

3. landing distance available? _____ 4. landing obstacles? _____

d. headwind component? (use figure 36, page A2-29) _____________

e. Determine total ground roll based on sea level and 59 degrees F.

(see note: use figure 3, page A2-31) ________________

f. (Refer to figure 36, page A2-29) Determine the cross-wind component

if Ace elects to land on runway 14. __________

g. What does an “X” on the end of a runway indicate? __________

According to the METAR at PRX

1. There is a layer of scattered clouds. Determine the cloud’s height:

a. Above Sea Level ______ b. Above Ground Level _____

2. Descending from 13,500 ft. into PRX, pictorially and quantitatively depict cloud clearances (1) above and (2) below 10,000 ft MSL.

4. Based on the temperature and dew point, at what altitude might Ace find cumulus

clouds. Demonstrate the formula. (remember: C to F conversion)

What ground based navigational facility near PRX will assist Ace in locating the airport?

______________ …..on what frequency? ______________

Locate a military training route (MTR) Ace will cross approximately 15 statute miles

Northwest of PRX…identify the types and identifiers. ________ ___________

PRX airport lies on the PRX VOR-DME _________ degree radial.

What is the minimum radio equipment needed to land at PRX airport? _________

Pat Mayse Lake is located northwest of PRX:

a. What is the lowest altitude Ace can fly over the lake? ________ AGL

b. What’s the effect on altitude if the lake was a national wildlife refuge? ______

c. What radial range from PRX VOR does the lake lay? _______ to _______

Approaching PRX Joker yells, “red over red”, what’s the system and what’s the concern? __________________________

At PRX Ace performs a very hard landing and suspects the ELT was activated. Page 5

How would he determine this?

Second Leg >> PRX to ADS >> altitude 2500 ft. (label values)

Distance _______ TC________ FD ____ ____ GS ______ WCA ____ L or R

TH _____ Time enroute______ Fuel _____ MV ______ MH _______

On what ground based Navigational Facility frequency near PRX would Ace communicate

with FSS? _________ which FSS? ____________________

Seventeen miles southwest of PRX Ace observes another airplane at his 12 o’clock

position, opposite direction, and at the same altitude. What should both pilots do?

Upon arriving at ADS, Ace notes that the control tower controller isn’t answering his

radio calls. He continues toward the airport and observes a steady green light directed

toward him from the control tower. (1) What does it mean and (2) what will he do?

What radio frequencies will be used for the ADS arrival? (See sectional)

ATIS ______ Ground control _______ Tower ________ Approach _______

AIRSPACE  AIRSPACE AIRSPACE

(1) Draw the route of this entire x-country on the reverse side of this page and

(2) encircle the segments where a transponder with Mode C is required.

Which airports (ADS, PRX, OKC) are physically within the following airspace classes?

Class A ___ Class B ___ Class C ___ Class D ___ Class E ___ Class G ____

What symbols on the sectional chart did you use to determine the answers above?

Determine the following airspace altitude: …..carefully…. Very carefully…

base of Class E over PRX _______MSL top of Class B over ADS ______MSL

base of Class B over ADS_______AGL base of Class B at ADS ______MSL

top of Class C at OKC _______MSL top of Class D over ADS ______MSL

base of a Victor Airway _______AGL base of Class C at OKC ______AGL

top of Class A over PRX _______MSL top of Class G over PRX ______AGL

Can Ace legally use your Dallas – Ft. Worth aeronautical chart for his proposed flight?

Y N Why?

FAA Advisory Circulars containing subject matter specifically related to Airspace

are issued under which subject number? ________

Weight and Balance Page 6

Use the weight and balance graph (figure 34, page A2-27) to determine if Ace loaded the plane properly before he departs OKC. Refer to all “Givens on 1st page”….empty weight, oil, etc.

Total Gross Weight _________ Moment _______ C.G. ______ inches aft of datum line

….is within center of gravity envelope? Y N

Items Weight Moment

Ace banks onto final, experiences a load factor of “2”. His seat supports _________lbs.

FUEL

Assuming full fuel, does Ace have enough fuel for this entire x-country flight?

(GIVEN: 2 gallons of fuel are used for ground operations at each airport).

a. enough fuel? Y N gal. consumed

b. How many pounds of fuel were consumed? _______ leg 1 - ______

c. What is VFR day fuel reserve? _________ leg 2 - ______

d. Can auto gas be substituted? Y N ground ops - ______

Total gallons- ______

Based on Appendix B, Ace decides to refuel at PRX. The airport operator is temporarily out of

100 Low Lead avgas.

(1) Can he substitute another fuel? Y N Explain:

(2) If Ace needs fuel at night in PRX, he will call telephone # _________________

GENERAL PILOT CONSIDERATIONS/REQUIREMENTS

FAA Advisory Circulars containing subject matter specially

related to Airmen are issued under which subject number? ______

To celebrate the upcoming flight, Ace has a beer party. What do the FARs dictate?

If Ace’s Third Class medical certificate was issued on January 17, 2017,

is it still current? Y N Explain…

Ace was invited to go scuba diving three hours prior to this

flight…what is physiologically wrong with this scenario?

Smoking tobacco products while flying a Cessna 172 is not prohibited by FARs, however it should be avoided by pilots and passengers. List at least 7 reasons: (1 point each)

A recreational pilot certificate is: (circle all that apply) Page 7

a. used exclusively by astronauts in Iowa

b. restrictive

c. what a family of six needs

d. covered in FAR Part 61

e. guarantees employment at NASA

What term would Ace voice over the communications

radio to announce an emergency? __________________

Hyperventilation decreases carbon dioxide in the blood. T F

A biennial flight review is valid for ____ ___________ months.

What percentage of time should Ace scan for other traffic? ______

Is Ace’s pilot logbook required to be in the plane during flight? Y N

GENERAL AIRCRAFT CONSIDERATION/REQUIREMENTS

What documents are required to be:

In the airplane? On the pilot?

Are aircraft maintenance logbooks required to be in the plane during flight? Y N

What is the VFR transponder code? __________

What color is the instrument panel lighting? _______

Aircraft position lights are required to be illuminated from _________ to ____________.

(Refer to figure 4, page A-2-5) The Va speed is _______________.

During an emergency, what…..Transponder code_______ Communications freq_______

What effect does applying carburetor heat have on

(1) engine performance and (2) mixture?

The airplane hasn’t flown for three weeks, nor were the fuel tanks filled after its

last flight. During the preflight examination what must be done and why?

What special check should be made during a preflight examination after it has Page 8

been stored outside during the summer for an extended period of time?

What dangers exist while closely following a heavy 747 on the final approach?

Are magnetic compass acceleration/deceleration related errors a factor on the

flight from PRX to ADS? Y N Why?

At what speed will this Cessna 172 stall?

What V-speed would provide the greatest gain in altitude in the least amount of time?

and where is this information found? ____________ __________

AIRCRAFT CURRENCY REQUIREMENTS

Determine if the aircraft is legal, logbook inspection on 12/7/2020 indicates the following:

Transponder/static: Last certification Dec 7, 2020 Y N

Annual inspection: Completed April 2, 2020 Y N

The aircraft annual inspection will expire at midnight….day____ month____ year_____

Can a 100 hour inspection be used in lieu of an annual inspection? Y N

GENERAL METEOROLGY CONSIDERATIONS

Explain why atmospheric pressures change globally.___________

What is an embedded thunderstorm? ______________________

List characteristics of: Unstable Air Stable Air

Visibility

Precipitation

Clouds

Turbulence

Standard pressure at sea level _____ Standard temperature at sea level _____

One of the most easily recognized discontinuities with a frontal passage is a change in ______________and one weather phenomenon which will always occur when flying across a front is a change in the ______________.

Define the term dew point.

What phenomenon is always associated with a thunderstorm? ______________ Page 9

(Refer to figure 18, page A2-13)…Find the Kirksville Airport weather symbol on

the weather depiction chart and determine the cloud coverage. ____________

Which flight leg would Ace have the highest susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning? _______ to _______ Why? __________________

What conditions are most favorable for carburetor icing? __________ __________

Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when what occurs? ___________________

Federal Aviation Regulations

Is supplemental oxygen required on any part of this x-country? Y N

…..explain.

What are the international languages? Aviation _________ Other _______

When must an ELT battery be replaced? 1. __________ 2._________

Can objects be dropped from an airborne aircraft? Y N

When must seat belts be used by: FLIGHT CREW ________________________________

PASSENGERS ___________________________________________

Joker offered Ace a financial gratuity for the opportunity to accompany him.

Can Ace accept compensation and if so, how much and for what?

Except for certain provisions, Ace is required to wear a parachute if any intentional

maneuver exceeds _____° of bank or ______° nose-up or nose-down.

The maximum indicated airspeed for flight below 10,000 feet MSL, unless otherwise

authorized or requested by ATC, is_____ knots. …..if ATC assigned Ace this airspeed, what would be his response? (use figure 4, page A2-5)

(Ace logged three different flights on 10/17/19.) On this flight he elects to carry Joker as a passenger. Describe pilot currency requirements allowing this. (***three segment answer)

Who is responsible for closing a VFR Flight Plan? _____________

Ace moved from his permanent address in Kirksville to Buzz, Ohio on 1/21/21.

a. Who must Ace notify __________ b. & within what time period? __________

Can a student pilot carry passengers without a CFI? Y N Page 10

Is a “type rating” required to fly a Cessna 172? Y N

Is a “high performance” logbook endorsement

required to fly a Cessna 172? Y N

Can a student pilot enter Class B airspace? Y N

…explain

All turns in a non-tower airport traffic pattern are left unless otherwise indicated…

….describe the pattern procedure at ADS when Class D Airspace is in effect.

The legal aviation definition of nighttime is the time between dusk and dawn. T F

NTSB PART 830

Ace had an accident causing substantial damage to his plane.

What are the NTSB notification requirements?

May the aircraft wreckage be moved prior to the time NTSB takes custody?

Y N Explain

General Operations

What airport is found at the following coordinates? N35-39.9 W095-57.0

VFR approaches to land at night should be

accomplished the same as during daytime. T F

The flag symbol at Tuttle, OK, located 12 nm southwest of OKC represents what?

Frost on an aircraft decreases lift and increases drag. T F

The highest accumulation of structural icing during flight occurs in _______ ________

and develops ____________ type ice.

A transponder has _______ possible codes.

An ADF navigation radio receives AM FM radio signals. (circle one)

__________ controls airspeed and ___________controls altitude. (both begin with P)

How many satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS)? ________

An inclinometer is found in which instrument________.

An airplane’s master switch turns on/off the cockpit electrical system. T F

Ace turns off the engine with the: Magneto switch Master switch Mixture control (circle one)

Block 15 (refer to Appendix A) represents the number of ________aboard the aircraft. Page 11

One of the main functions of flaps during an approach is to ________________________

without _________________________.

The angle of attack is the angle between the _______ ________ and the ______ ______.

Who is responsible for ensuring compliance with an aircraft Airworthiness Directive. _________

Acrobatic flights are prohibited over a congested area of a city, town, or settlement. T F

Who is directly responsible for the pre-launch briefing of the passengers for a flight? ________

Ace deviated from the FARs during an in-flight emergency: (check correct answer(s))

______ Can he be sent to prison.

______ He is required to submit a written report.

______ He lived but committed suicide.

A radar controller gives Ace the following radar vector, “fly heading 270 and maintain 2000 feet.” This would cause him to fly directly through a cumulus cloud. What should he do and say?

Ace knows a cute little nurse who gave him a container of oxygen from the hospital for this flight. Can he legally use it? Y N explain

The ___________ is responsible for determining if an aircraft is in condition for safe flight.