Question : 12. A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram’s participants a year : 1198593

12. A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram’s participants a year after their participation concluded that 
A. none had been harmed.
B. many were suspicious of all authorities.
C. a minority of them had lowered self-esteem.
D. most regretted having served in Milgram’s study.

13. In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience? 
A. the victim’s emotional distance
B. the victim’s physical distance
C. the authority’s closeness and legitimacy
D. whether or not the authority was institutionalized

14. In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions, ___% obeyed to 450 volts. 
A. 100
B. 80
C. 40
D. 20

15. In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner’s hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, ___% obeyed. 
A. 100
B. 70
C. 30
D. 15

16. Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus. 
A. apathy
B. resentment
C. commitment
D. hostility

17. In Milgram’s research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience 
A. dropped to zero.
B. dropped to 21 percent.
C. dropped to 50 percent.
D. increased to 73 percent.

18. In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate “clerk” (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter’s absence. As a result of this manipulation, 
A. most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B. the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C. participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic.
D. 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully.

19. In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that 
A. most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference.
B. most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing.
C. less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order.
D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

20. When Milgram’s experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate. 
A. remained unchanged
B. decreased
C. increased slightly
D. increased significantly

21. _______ occurs when soldiers or employees follow questionable orders, such as when nurses willingly follow a physician’s order to give a patient a dangerously high dosage of medication. 
A. Norm formation
B. Conformity
C. Obedience
D. Acceptance

22. As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, ___% of the participants in a variation of Milgram’s study conformed to the confederate’s behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter. 
A. 90
B. 45
C. 20
D. 10

23. During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______. 
A. obedience; conformity
B. conformity; obedience
C. compliance; acceptance
D. acceptance; compliance

24. If we were to conclude that Milgram’s obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people, we would be 
A. making a correct inference.
B. committing the fundamental attribution error.
C. ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes.
D. ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions.