Question : 21. Which research method able to establish cause-and-effect relationships? a.archives b.simulation studies c.post-trial : 1256218

21. Which research method is able to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

a.archives

b.simulation studies

c.post-trial interviews

d.field studies

e.all of the above

22. Note taking by jurors has been proposed as one possible way of improving juror comprehension. However, a number of researchers have pointed out potential problems with this comprehension aid. Which of the following has been proposed as a potential problem with juror note taking?

a.Jurors who have taken notes may exert an undue influence over those who haven’t.

b.Note taking may distort perceptions of the case.

c.Note taking may be disruptive to other jurors.

d.Note taking may impede memory.

e.Note taking favours the defence.

23. According to a review of research examining juror note taking, Penrod and Heuer (1997) concluded that:

a.note takers distract jurors who do not take notes

b.note takers cannot keep up with the evidence being presented

c.jurors overemphasize the evidence that they have noted, at the expense of evidence they have not recorded

d.juror note taking favours the Crown/prosecution

e.notes are an accurate record of the trial

24. According to a review of research examining juror questions, Penrod and Heuer (1997) concluded that:

a.juror questions help reveal truth

b.juror questions help increase jurors’, judges’, and lawyers’ satisfaction with the trial and verdict

c.jury questioning increases a juror’s understanding of the case facts

d.jurors tend to ask legally inappropriate questions

e.all of the above

25. As it currently stands in Canada, the practice of jurors asking questions and taking notes is:

a.left to the discretion of the juror

b.left to the discretion of the judge

c.left to the discretion of the Crown

d.compulsory

e.not permitted

26. How can the CSI effect be described?

a. the education of jurors whereby they are more likely to convict if techniques seen on television are used

b. watching over 20 hours of crime shows a week

c. the fatigue associated with watching “CSI” type shows

d. a new mental health syndrome

e. a term used to distinguish it from the Law and Order effect

27. Which of the following is the most empirically supported model of jury decision making?

a.relative contribution model

b.just-world attribution model

c.explanation model

d.justification model

e.mathematical model

28. Which of the following is an example of an explanation model of jury decision making?

a. math model

b. story model

c. new-age model

d. structure model

e. hybrid model

29. In Canada, juries in criminal trials must reach a ___________ verdict.

a.majority

b.unanimous

c.51% majority

d.hung

e.75% majority

30. A jury is in the process of deliberations. The six jurors who initially felt that the accused was innocent begin to feel even more strongly that the accused is innocent, while the six jurors who initially felt that the accused was guilty begin to feel even more strongly that the accused is guilty. This process is called:

a.normative influence

b.compliance

c.polarization

d.unconscious transference leniency

e.leniency bias