Question : 61. Marshall a fairly impulsive person. It’s common for him to : 1201820

61. Marshall is a fairly impulsive person. It’s common for him to disappear on a spur-of-the-moment vacation or for him to quickly make life decisions without much deliberation.  According to Gray’s reinforcement-sensitivity theory, Marshall is uninhibited and sensitive to rewards primarily because 
A. of his behavioral approach system.
B. his brain lacks reward centers.
C. of his flight or freeze system.
D. he has an insensitive punishment system.

62. According to psychologist Jeffrey Gray, the brain’s _____ system affects sensitivity to rewards, whereas the _____ system affects sensitivity to punishment and the motivation to avoid punishment. 
A. engagement mode; fight-or-flight
B. fight-or-flight; engagement mode
C. behavioral approach; flight or freeze
D. flight or freeze; behavioral approach

63. Researchers assessed the personalities of the children who were adopted at an early age by Julene and Jay. The researchers compared the children’s personalities with those of their biological and adoptive parents and that of the biological child of their adoptive parents. Based on the studies described in the text, the children’s personalities will be most similar to 
A. Julene’s and Jay’s personalities.
B. Julene’s, but not Jay’s, personality.
C. their biological parents’ personalities.
D. the personality of Julene and Jay’s biological child.

64. Jonas is reviewing articles on the topic of personality and twin studies. Based on these studies, behavioral geneticists have concluded that about _____ percent of the variability in adult personality traits is due to genetic factors. 
A. 20
B. 50
C. 70
D. 90

65. Based on research with adopted children and twins, which of the following is a justifiable statement about the contribution of heredity to personality? 
A. There are “personality genes” that determine certain personality traits.
B. Identical twins that have been raised together have similar personality traits because of genetic factors.
C. Birth order is one of the most important influences on personality.
D. People inherit predispositions for certain personality factors.

66. You and your brother were raised together. Your personality reflects environmental and genetic factors. Which of the following environmental factors would be least likely to contribute to differences between your personality and that of your brother with whom you were raised? 
A. Unique ways your parents treated you
B. A serious illness only you had as a child
C. The fact that you were born three years after your brother
D. The socioeconomic status of your family

67. Anastasia is writing a paper about the weaknesses of the trait approach to personality. Which of the following would be the best title for her paper? 
A. “Overemphasizing the Role of Unconscious Processes on Behavior.”
B. “Describing Behavior But Not Explaining It.”
C. “Overemphasizing the Role of Situational Factors on Behavior.”
D. “Concepts Too Vague to be Tested Empirically.”

68. After filling out a personality measure, students were given individual personality profiles. Most said that their profiles were fairly good descriptions of themselves, and they were amazed to discover that they had all received the same profile. This example illustrates one of the main criticisms of the _____ approach. 
A. psychodynamic
B. trait
C. cognitive-behavioral
D. humanist

69. Newton has an intelligent, kind, honest, emotional, unreliable, and open personality. All of the following are valid criticisms of this approach to characterizing Newton’s personality, except: 
A. The words may describe Newton, but they do not help us understand him.
B. The words may describe Newton, however they also describe numerous other people.
C. The words may not describe Newton in the future.
D. The words are only secondary traits, and thus are not a very helpful description.

70. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the social-cognitive approach? 
A. All behavior, even if it looks bizarre, is meaningful to the person displaying it.
B. Learned patterns of thought guide our behavior.
C. Much of personality is learned through observing and interacting with others.
D. Behavior is learned, in part, through classical and operant conditioning.