Question : 51. Reflexes _____ responses that occur _____ instructions from the brain. A. voluntary; : 1201908

51. Reflexes are _____ responses that occur _____ instructions from the brain. 
A. voluntary; with
B. involuntary; with
C. voluntary; without
D. involuntary; without

52. Chirag’s spinal cord was completely severed at the neck in an auto accident. He would still be able to 
A. wiggle his toes.
B. exhibit the “knee jerk” reflex in response to a tap on the knee.
C. feel the pain of a pinprick on his foot.
D. snap his fingers.

53. Chris tripped and fell near the campfire. When he reflexively drew back his hand, which had touched a hot coal, the signal sent throughout his nervous system went from his hand to his 
A. spinal cord, then to his brain, then back to his hand.
B. brain, then to his spinal cord, then back to his hand.
C. spinal cord, then back to his hand, then to his brain.
D. brain, then simultaneously to his hand and spinal cord.

54. Yao is participating in a study investigating sleep patterns. As part of the study, researchers paste electrodes to Yao’s scalp. The electrodes are then hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG), which will provide information about the 
A. specific areas of the brain involved with sleep.
B. general electrical activity of the brain during sleep.
C. changes in blood flow that occur within the brain during sleep.
D. physical shape of the brain structures involved with sleep.

55. Recordings of the collective activity of the brain’s nerve cells are called 
A. electroencephalograms (EEGs).
B. single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.
C. positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
D. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

56. Athea was a participant in a study in which the glucose in her brain was marked with a radioactive substance. Then radiation detectors identified especially active brain areas. Athea participated in a study that employed 
A. electroencephalograms (EEGs).
B. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
C. psychophysical radiograms (PPRs).
D. positron emission tomography (PET).

57. Barney was in a car accident, and the doctor suspects that Barney may have suffered structural brain damage. Which of the following tests would be the most appropriate to find out whether there is structural damage? 
A. Electrical stimulation
B. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
C. Positron emission tomography (PET)
D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

58. According to your textbook, which of the following criticisms of the fMRI is valid: 
A. It has yet to contribute any useful information in the area of thoughts and emotions.
B. It cannot pinpoint the location of blood flow and oxygen activity in the brain.
C. It assumes that thoughts and emotions reside in particular brain structures or areas.
D. While it does show how the brain produces thoughts and feelings, it is not precise enough yet to allow for accurate conclusions.

59. Which of the following is true about fMRI technology: 
A. It directly measures brain activity.
B. It can reveal the brain areas that are active when a person experiences an emotion.
C. It can detect any neuronal activity, even if increases and decreases of activity in the same region cancel each other out.
D. It is not very susceptible to experimenter bias because its images are difficult to misinterpret.

60. With the advent of fMRI, researchers have been able to explore mirror neuron mechanisms in the human brain.  Based on this research, psychologists have discovered all of the following except: 
A. Mirror systems have been found in humans that correspond to the F5 region in monkeys.
B. Broca’s area may be important in many skills that involve imitation.
C. Language development and empathy seem to operate independently from mirror neuron mechanisms.
D. Certain parts of the brain are activated similarly when a person witnesses an emotion as when he or she directly experiences that emotion.