Question : 81.An “Open” sign in the window of a store that : 1231226

81.An “Open” sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a

A)primary reinforcer.

B)discriminative stimulus.

C)conditioned reinforcer.

D)conditioned stimulus.

E)secondary reinforcer.

82.Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ______, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ______.

A)positive punishment; negative punishment

B)negative punishment; positive punishment

C)negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

D)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

E)reinforcement; punishment

83.Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A)A mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother’s level of annoyance.

B)A father picks up his infant when she cries, thereby increasing the likelihood that she will cry to be picked up again in the future.

C)A grandmother gives her granddaughter a “time out” when she misbehaves, thereby leading the granddaughter to calm down.

D)A grandfather gives his grandson $10 for every “A” on his report card, thereby strengthening his grandson’s study habits.

E)A caregiver removes a child from the “block play center” when he is throwing blocks, thereby causing him to cry.

84.Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

A)conditioned reinforcement.

B)punishment.

C)negative reinforcement.

D)positive reinforcement.

E)classical conditioning.

85.Velma takes headache medicine to relieve pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of

A)avoidance conditioning.

B)conditioned reinforcement.

C)positive reinforcement.

D)negative reinforcement.

E)superstitious behavior.

86.Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing are referred to as ______, while stimuli that develop reinforcing properties through association are called ______.

A)indiscriminative stimuli; discriminative stimuli

B)primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers

C)positive reinforcers; negative reinforcers

D)primary stimuli; secondary stimuli

E)shapers; successive approximators

87.Primary reinforcers are

A)the first reinforcers an animal learns.

B)the most powerful reinforcers an animal learns.

C)intrinsically rewarding.

D)reinforcers that are learned through classical conditioning.

E)also called conditioned reinforcers.

88.All but which of the following are primary reinforcers?

A)money

B)sexual stimulation

C)novel visual stimuli

D)air, food, and water

E)relief from pain

89.Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

A)insight learning.

B)higher-order conditioning.

C)conditioning taste aversions.

D)shaping.

E)extinction.

90.William has noticed that every time his dog sits quietly by his chair, he tends to scratch the dog’s ears.  As a result, the dog usually sits quietly by William’s chair any time William sits in the chair. This is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.

B) negative reinforcement.

C) escape learning.

D) positive punishment.

E) negative punishment.