Question : 21) Which of the following propositions reflected by the calculus : 1222592

21) Which of the following propositions is reflected by the calculus of fraud?

A) Individuals will commit fraud when the reward is lower than the product of the probability of getting caught and the perceived gravity of the loss.

B) Individuals will commit fraud when the product of the probability of getting caught and the perceived gravity of the loss is greater than the reward.

C) Individuals will commit fraud when the product of the probability of getting caught and the perceived gravity of the loss is lesser than the reward.

D) Individuals will commit fraud when the perceived gravity of the loss is greater than the product of the probability of getting caught and the reward.

22) Which of the following is true of neutralization?

A) It proposes rationale as a technique of rationalization.

B) Its techniques can only be used in combination, not singly.

C) It proposes condemnation as a technique of rationalization.

D) It opposes the rational choice theory.

23) Under the knucklehead defense, an attorney argues that

A) even though the client has the ability to commit the crime, he or she did not have the intent to do it.

B) even if the client was motivated to commit the crime and had the ability to carry it out, he or she did not have the opportunity for it.

C) even if the client had the opportunity to commit the crime, he or she did not have an incentive to do it.

D) even if the client was motivated to commit the crime and had the opportunity, he or she did not have the ability to carry it out.

24) Which of the following is a term used to describe an effort to neutralize one’s actions by shifting blame to those who condemn the behavior?

A) defamation

B) accusation

C) denunciation

D) condemnation

25) Which of the following is suggested by the rational choice theory with regard to the criminal decision-making process?

A) Offenders choose courses of action such as fraud that produce optimal rewards regardless of the effort.

B) Specific crime is chosen through an analysis of opportunities and the cost-benefit trade-off.

C) Cost-benefit assessments are objective and rigid.

D) Objectivity of the decision process allows criminal behavior to be considered rational.

26) Which of the following is a technique of neutralization used by offenders?

A) acceptance of authority

B) organizational misconduct

C) higher loyalty

D) criticism

27) Which of the following is true of the general theory of crime?

A) It states that individuals with low self-control consider the long-term consequences of their behavior.

B) It suggests that criminal motivation in and of itself results in a crime.

C) It is applicable to all types of crime, except white-collar crime.

D) It explains crime as a natural consequence of uncontrolled human desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

28) According to the general theory of crime, which of the following is also necessary in addition to criminal motivation to produce a crime?

A) high rewards

B) opportunity

C) justifiable reason

D) capability

29) Which of the following is true of organizational misconduct?

A) It is defined as the misconduct performed by individuals on behalf of an organization.

B) It is generally not influenced by an organization’s “tone at the top.”

C) It is perpetrated by an organization’s rivals or competitors to hinder the growth or success of its business.

D) It is perpetrated by the lower-level management out of loyalty to the organization.

30) Which of the following is a characteristic of a typical white-collar fraudster?

A) uneducated

B) lacks feelings of anxiety and empathy

C) below-average intelligence

D) risk averse