Question :
41. After Nadia spills water all over her painting, her first-grade : 1201952
41. After Nadia spills water all over her painting, her first-grade art teacher gives her some M&M’s to make her feel better. The next time art class meets, Nadia promptly and purposefully spills water. The M&M’s acted as
A. negative reinforcers.
B. an activity preference.
C. positive reinforcers.
D. secondary reinforcers.
42. When Maggie asks her mom to buy candy at the grocery store, her mother refuses. Maggie then throws a temper tantrum, and to quiet her, her mother buys the candy. Now, Maggie throws a tantrum every time she enters the store and doesn’t stop until she receives candy. For Maggie, candy is
A. a positive reinforcer.
B. a negative reinforcer.
C. punishment.
D. a discriminative stimulus.
43. June and Ward want their children, Wally and the Beaver, to clean up their room. They decide to use the technique of negative reinforcement. This means that they should
A. spank the children whenever they make a mess in their room.
B. excuse the children from a daily chore they dislike whenever they clean up their room.
C. give the children ice cream treats if they clean up their room.
D. explain to the children the benefits of cleanliness.
44. Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?
A. Andy hits the snooze button on his alarm clock to stop it from buzzing.
B. Brian receives a speeding ticket for driving too fast.
C. Cameron is given an award for scholastic achievement.
D. Devon offers his friend a cigarette while out at a club.
45. Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely in the future to make goofy faces to make Jacob stop crying?
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Classical conditioning
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Stimulus generalization
46. As his mother began to reprimand him, Jeff began to cry. Because his mom immediately stopped scolding, Jeff now cries each time his mom reprimands him. Jeff is exhibiting
A. avoidance conditioning.
B. escape conditioning.
C. shaping.
D. vicarious conditioning.
47. Tonika’s neighbor often plays loud, annoying music. When Tonika pounds on the wall, the music stops. The type of reinforcement that Tonika receives for pounding on the wall is _____ reinforcement, and this is an example of _____ conditioning.
A. negative; avoidance
B. negative; escape
C. positive; avoidance
D. positive; escape
48. Whenever Lisa’s aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of
A. avoidance conditioning.
B. escape conditioning.
C. latent learning.
D. punishment.
49. When Marc sits in his bedroom with the door open, his sister walks by and starts yelling at him. In time, Marc learns that if he closes the door when his sister yells at him, she stops yelling and walks away. This shows _____. Marc also learns that if he closes the door before his sister walks by, she will not start yelling at him. This shows _____.
A. social learning; observational learning
B. insight learning; delayed conditioning
C. escape conditioning; avoidance conditioning
D. avoidance conditioning; escape conditioning
50. Joe Montana knows that after every football game he will feel achy and have a pain in his shoulder unless he takes four aspirin. Now Joe takes four aspirin immediately after each game, before he starts to feel sore; therefore, Joe has experienced _____ conditioning.
A. avoidance
B. escape
C. classical
D. latent
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