Question :
41. Typically long pauses in responding found in _____ schedules. A. fixed-intervalB. fixed-ratioC. variable-intervalD. variable-ratio
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41. Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules.
A. fixed-interval
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. variable-ratio
42. A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-interval
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. variable-ratio
43. A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule:
A. by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B. by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C. that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D. by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.
44. Paychecks and semester grades are delivered on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-ratio
B. fixed-interval
C. variable-ratio
D. variable-interval
45. A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:
A. by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B. by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C. that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D. by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.
46. Which of the following is true about stimulus control training?
A. In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus.
B. In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the absence of a specific stimulus.
C. Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour.
D. Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a simple behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour.
47. Which of the following does not accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
A. Classical conditioning entails forming an association between stimuli; operant conditioning involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences.
B. Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.
C. In the case of classical conditioning, before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response; in operant conditioning reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D. In the case of classical conditioning, after conditioning, a conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response; in operant conditioning punishment leads to a decrease in behavior.
48. Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?
A. Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it.
B. It applies to involuntary behavior.
C. According to classical conditioning, reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D. According to classical conditioning, organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. After behavior occurs, the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior’s consequences.
49. Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is “sending signals.” A learning theorist would term such signals:
A. conditioned stimuli.
B. discriminative stimuli.
C. positive reinforcers.
D. intermittent reinforcers.
50. The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:
A. stimulus control training.
B. discrimination training.
C. shaping.
D. behavior modification.
51. Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:
A. discrimination training.
B. shaping.
C. stimulus control training.
D. behavior modification.
52. Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?
A. She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors.
B. She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others.
C. She specializes in behavior modification techniques.
D. She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.
53. _____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
A. Functional modification
B. Genetic modification
C. Posttranslational modification
D. Behavior modification
