Question :
81.
Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, instructing cursive writing. At : 1233653
81.
Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:
A.
discrimination training.
B.
shaping.
C.
stimulus control training.
D.
behavior modification.
82.
Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
A.
Classical conditioning entails forming an association between stimuli; operant conditioning involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences.
B.
Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.
C.
In the case of classical conditioning, before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response; in operant conditioning reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D.
In the case of classical conditioning, after conditioning, a conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response; in operant conditioning punishment leads to a decrease in behavior.
83.
Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning?
A.
Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it.
B.
It applies to involuntary behavior.
C.
According to classical conditioning, reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D.
According to classical conditioning, organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. After behavior occurs, the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior’s consequences.
84.
Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?
A.
She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors.
B.
She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others.
C.
She specializes in behavior modification techniques.
D.
She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.
85.
_____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
A.
Functional modification
B.
Genetic modification
C.
Posttranslational modification
D.
Behavior modification
86.
The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____.
A.
latent; Tolman
B.
latent; Thorndike
C.
implicit; Tolman
D.
implicit; Thorndike
87.
The _____ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
A.
transformative learning theory
B.
behavioral learning theory
C.
cognitive learning theory
D.
constructivism learning theory
88.
Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
A.
deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning.
B.
go beyond classical and operant conditioning.
C.
perform research essentially identical to that conducted by more traditional learning theorists.
D.
have probably never heard of classical and operant conditioning.
89.
Which of the following does the cognitive learning theory emphasize?
A.
Expectations
B.
Imitation
C.
Consolidation
D.
Associations
90.
The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____; the focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _____.
A.
external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement; internal thoughts and expectations of learners
B.
external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement; external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement as well
C.
internal thoughts and expectations of learners; external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement
D.
internal thoughts and expectations of learners; internal thoughts and expectations of learners as well
