Question :
91. Olivia punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give : 1182087
91. Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
a) Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog’s behavior.
b) Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dog’s behavior.
c) Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.
d) Olivia’s parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is “spare the rod, spoil the child.”
92. An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
b) Punished children tend to do really well in school.
c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.
d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.
93. Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
a) food
b) praise
c) money
d) attention
94. A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
a) primary
b) negative
c) positive
d) secondary
95. ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
a) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
b) A kiss; money
c) Water; food
d) A gold star; cupcake
96. Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.
a) can potentially reinforce or punish behavior
b) do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever
c) do not inherently satisfy physical needs
d) only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise
97. Behavior modification is an operant technique that helps change behavior through the use of ________ reinforcers.
a) basic
b) primary
c) modifying
d) secondary
98. A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ___________.
a) classical conditioning
b) instinctive drift
c) primary reinforcement
d) behavior modification
99. Ellen, a mentally retarded adult, has just received a “token.” Based on this information, it is most reasonable to assume that Ellen ________.
a) just received praise from a co-worker or family member
b) literally has received a token that can be traded for some good or privilege
c) is homeless, has been begging for money, and received a special coin to use for the bus
d) has successfully just completed a therapy program
100. Carolyn desperately wants to lose weight, but finds it so difficult to resist the temptation of snack foods. Her difficulty in losing weight probably stems from the powerful effects of ________.
a) shaping
b) discrimination
c) delayed reinforcement
d) immediate reinforcement
