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Question : 51) To achieve allocative efficiency, one must compare the A) marginal : 1239119

Economics

 

51) To achieve allocative efficiency, one must compare the

A) marginal cost of a good to its opportunity cost.

B) opportunity cost to the attainable point on the production possibilities frontier.

C) marginal benefit of a good to its marginal cost.

D) marginal cost to the production efficiency cost.

E) point of production efficiency to the point of allocative efficiency.

52) We allocate resources efficiently when

A) marginal benefit is equal to marginal cost.

B) marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost by any amount.

C) marginal cost is greater than marginal benefit.

D) total benefit is greater than total cost.

E) marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost by as much as possible.

53) Allocative efficiency is achieved when the marginal benefit of a good

A) exceeds the marginal cost regardless of how much the difference is.

B) is less than its marginal cost.

C) is equal to its marginal cost.

D) equals zero.

E) exceeds the marginal cost by as much as possible.

54) Allocative efficiency is achieved when the production is such that

A) the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost by as much as possible.

B) marginal cost equals zero.

C) marginal benefit is equal to marginal cost.

D) the production point is on the PPF.

E) None of the above is true.

55) All points on the production possibilities frontier

A) are production inefficient.

B) achieve allocative efficiency.

C) are production efficient but only one point achieves allocative efficiency.

D) are allocatively efficient but only one point achieves production efficiency.

E) are allocatively inefficient.

56) When the marginal benefit and marginal cost of sodas are equal, then

A) the production of sodas might be allocatively efficient but it is definitely production inefficient.

B) the allocatively inefficient amount of sodas is being produced.

C) more sodas should be produced to reach the allocatively efficient quantity.

D) fewer sodas should be produced to reach the allocatively efficient quantity.

E) the allocatively efficient amount of sodas is being produced.

57) When the marginal cost of producing a bike is greater than the marginal benefit of the bike, for resource use to be allocatively efficient,

A) more bikes should be produced.

B) fewer bikes should be produced.

C) no more and no fewer bikes should be produced.

D) it must be determined if the production of bikes can be increased.

E) people must be educated to demand more bikes.

58) For resource use to be allocatively efficient, when the marginal benefit of a slice of pizza exceeds the marginal cost, ________.

A) more slices of pizza should be produced

B) fewer slices of pizza should be produced

C) no more slices of pizza should be produced

D) allocative efficiency is reached only if the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost by as much as possible

E) None of the above answers is correct.

59) If the difference between the marginal benefit and the marginal cost of a good is as large as possible,

A) resources are being used with maximum efficiency.

B) resources would create more value producing other goods and hence the production of this good should be decreased.

C) more of the good should be produced.

D) allocative efficiency has been attained.

E) Both answers A and D are correct.

60) Any point on the production possibility frontier is

A) attainable and might be allocatively inefficient.

B) attainable and must be allocatively efficient.

C) less production efficient than a point in the interior of the PPF.

D) always allocatively efficient but might or might not be production efficient.

E) always production efficient and always allocatively efficient.

 

 

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July 1, 2023
    

  

Artificial Intelligence

Exercise 1 : 

Which of the following are correct?

a. False |= True.

b. True |= False.

c. (A ∧ B) |= (A ⇔ B).

d. A ⇔ B |= A ∨ B.

e. A ⇔ B |= ¬A ∨ B.

f. (A ∧ B) ⇒ C |= (A ⇒ C) ∨ (B ⇒ C).

g. (C ∨ (¬A ∧ ¬B)) ≡ ((A ⇒ C) ∧ (B ⇒ C)).

h. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B).

i. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬D ∨ E).

j. (A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ⇒ B) is satisfiable.

k. (A ⇔ B) ∧ (¬A ∨ B) is satisfiable.

l. (A ⇔ B) ⇔ C has the same number of models as (A ⇔ B) for any fixed set of proposition symbols that includes A, B, C.

Exercise 2 : 

You have a number of trucks with which to deliver a set of packages. Each package starts at some location on a grid map, and has a destination somewhere else. Each truck is directly controlled by moving forward and turning. Construct a hierarchy of high-level actions for this problem. What knowledge about the solution does your hierarchy encode?

Exercise 3 : 25 Points

In your local nuclear power station, there is an alarm that senses when a temperature gauge exceeds a given threshold. The gauge measures the temperature of the core. Consider the Boolean variables A (alarm sounds), FA (alarm is faulty), and FG (gauge is faulty) and the multivalued nodes G (gauge reading) and T (actual core temperature).

a. Draw a Bayesian network for this domain, given that the gauge is more likely to fail when the core temperature gets too high.

b. Is your network a polytree? Why or why not?

c. Suppose there are just two possible actual and measured temperatures, normal and high; the probability that the gauge gives the correct temperature is x when it is working, but y when it is faulty. Give the conditional probability table associated with G.

d. Suppose the alarm works correctly unless it is faulty, in which case it never sounds. Give the conditional probability table associated with A.

e. Suppose the alarm and gauge are working and the alarm sounds. Calculate an expression for the probability that the temperature of the core is too high, in terms of the various conditional probabilities in the network.

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July 1, 2023
    

  

Artificial Intelligence

Exercise 1 : 

Which of the following are correct?

a. False |= True.

b. True |= False.

c. (A ∧ B) |= (A ⇔ B).

d. A ⇔ B |= A ∨ B.

e. A ⇔ B |= ¬A ∨ B.

f. (A ∧ B) ⇒ C |= (A ⇒ C) ∨ (B ⇒ C).

g. (C ∨ (¬A ∧ ¬B)) ≡ ((A ⇒ C) ∧ (B ⇒ C)).

h. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B).

i. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬D ∨ E).

j. (A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ⇒ B) is satisfiable.

k. (A ⇔ B) ∧ (¬A ∨ B) is satisfiable.

l. (A ⇔ B) ⇔ C has the same number of models as (A ⇔ B) for any fixed set of proposition symbols that includes A, B, C.

Exercise 2 : 

You have a number of trucks with which to deliver a set of packages. Each package starts at some location on a grid map, and has a destination somewhere else. Each truck is directly controlled by moving forward and turning. Construct a hierarchy of high-level actions for this problem. What knowledge about the solution does your hierarchy encode?

Exercise 3 : 25 Points

In your local nuclear power station, there is an alarm that senses when a temperature gauge exceeds a given threshold. The gauge measures the temperature of the core. Consider the Boolean variables A (alarm sounds), FA (alarm is faulty), and FG (gauge is faulty) and the multivalued nodes G (gauge reading) and T (actual core temperature).

a. Draw a Bayesian network for this domain, given that the gauge is more likely to fail when the core temperature gets too high.

b. Is your network a polytree? Why or why not?

c. Suppose there are just two possible actual and measured temperatures, normal and high; the probability that the gauge gives the correct temperature is x when it is working, but y when it is faulty. Give the conditional probability table associated with G.

d. Suppose the alarm works correctly unless it is faulty, in which case it never sounds. Give the conditional probability table associated with A.

e. Suppose the alarm and gauge are working and the alarm sounds. Calculate an expression for the probability that the temperature of the core is too high, in terms of the various conditional probabilities in the network.

default image
July 1, 2023
    

  

Artificial Intelligence

Exercise 1 : 

Which of the following are correct?

a. False |= True.

b. True |= False.

c. (A ∧ B) |= (A ⇔ B).

d. A ⇔ B |= A ∨ B.

e. A ⇔ B |= ¬A ∨ B.

f. (A ∧ B) ⇒ C |= (A ⇒ C) ∨ (B ⇒ C).

g. (C ∨ (¬A ∧ ¬B)) ≡ ((A ⇒ C) ∧ (B ⇒ C)).

h. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B).

i. (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E) |= (A ∨ B) ∧ (¬D ∨ E).

j. (A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ⇒ B) is satisfiable.

k. (A ⇔ B) ∧ (¬A ∨ B) is satisfiable.

l. (A ⇔ B) ⇔ C has the same number of models as (A ⇔ B) for any fixed set of proposition symbols that includes A, B, C.

Exercise 2 : 

You have a number of trucks with which to deliver a set of packages. Each package starts at some location on a grid map, and has a destination somewhere else. Each truck is directly controlled by moving forward and turning. Construct a hierarchy of high-level actions for this problem. What knowledge about the solution does your hierarchy encode?

Exercise 3 : 25 Points

In your local nuclear power station, there is an alarm that senses when a temperature gauge exceeds a given threshold. The gauge measures the temperature of the core. Consider the Boolean variables A (alarm sounds), FA (alarm is faulty), and FG (gauge is faulty) and the multivalued nodes G (gauge reading) and T (actual core temperature).

a. Draw a Bayesian network for this domain, given that the gauge is more likely to fail when the core temperature gets too high.

b. Is your network a polytree? Why or why not?

c. Suppose there are just two possible actual and measured temperatures, normal and high; the probability that the gauge gives the correct temperature is x when it is working, but y when it is faulty. Give the conditional probability table associated with G.

d. Suppose the alarm works correctly unless it is faulty, in which case it never sounds. Give the conditional probability table associated with A.

e. Suppose the alarm and gauge are working and the alarm sounds. Calculate an expression for the probability that the temperature of the core is too high, in terms of the various conditional probabilities in the network.

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