words art historians use | Architecture and Design homework help

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Review the “Words Art Historians Use” section below

As in all fields of study, art history has its own specialized vocabulary consisting of hundreds of words, but certain basic terms are indispensable for describing artworks and buildings of any time and place. They make up the essential vocabulary of formal analysis, the visual analysis of artistic form. Definitions and discussions of the most important art historical terms follow.

FORM AND COMPOSITION Form refers to an object’s shape and structure, either in two dimensions (for example, a figure painted on a canvas) or in three dimensions (such as a statue carved from a marble block). Two forms may take the same shape but may differ in their color, texture, and other qualities. Composition refers to how an artist composes (organizes) forms in an artwork, either by placing shapes on a flat surface or by arranging forms in space.

MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE To create art forms, artists shape materials (pigment, clay, marble, gold, and many more) with tools (pens, brushes, chisels, and so forth). Each of the materials and tools available has its own potentialities and limitations. Part of all artists’ creative activity is to select the medium and instrument most suitable to the purpose—or to develop new media and tools, such as bronze and concrete in antiquity and cameras and computers in modern times. The processes artists employ, such as applying paint to canvas with a brush, and the distinctive, personal ways they handle materials constitute their technique. Form, material, and technique interrelate and are central to analyzing any work of art.

LINE Among the most important elements defining an artwork’s shape or form is line. A line can be understood as the path of a point moving in space, an invisible line of sight. More commonly, however, artists and architects make a line visible by drawing (or chiseling) it on a plane, a flat surface. A line may be very thin, wire-like, and delicate. It may be thick and heavy. Or it may alternate quickly from broad to narrow, the strokes jagged or the outline broken. When a continuous line defines an object’s outer shape, art historians call it a contour line. All of these line qualities are present in Dürer’s The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (fig. I-9). Contour lines define the basic shapes of clouds, human and animal limbs, and weapons. Within the forms, series of short broken lines create shadows and textures. An overall pattern of long parallel strokes suggests the dark sky on the frightening day when the world is about to end.

COLOR Light reveals all colors. Light in the world of the painter and other artists differs from natural light. Natural light, or sunlight, is whole or additive light. As the sum of all the wavelengths composing the visible spectrum, it may be disassembled or fragmented into the individual colors of the spectral band. The painter’s light in art—the light reflected from pigments and objects—is subtractive light. Paint pigments produce their individual colors by reflecting a segment of the spectrum while absorbing all the rest. Green pigment, for example, subtracts or absorbs all the light in the spectrum except that seen as green.

Hue is the property giving a color its name. Although the spectrum colors merge into each other, artists usually conceive of their hues as distinct from one another. Color has two basic variables—the apparent amount of light reflected and the apparent purity. A change in one must produce a change in the other. Some terms for these variables are value, or tonality (the degree of lightness or darkness), and intensity, or saturation (the purity of a color, its brightness or dullness).

Artists call the three basic colors—red, yellow, and blue—the primary colors. The secondary colors result from mixing pairs of primaries: orange (red and yellow), purple (red and blue), and green (yellow and blue). Complementary colors represent the pairing of a primary color and the secondary color created from mixing the two other primary colors—red and green, yellow and purple, and blue and orange. They “complement,” or complete, each other, one absorbing colors the other reflects.

Next, select 0ne of the two art work below

I-12 CLAUDE LORRAIN, Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, 1648. Oil on canvas, 4′ 10″ × 6′ 4″. National Gallery, London.

I-13 OGATA KORIN, Waves at Matsushima, Edo period, ca. 1700–1716. Six-panel folding screen, ink, color, and gold leaf on paper, 4′ 11 1 8 ″ × 12′ 7 8 ″. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Fenollosa-Weld Collection).

Apply three of the most important vocabulary words art historians use to describe the work of art. Explain why you chose those three terms and why they are important to analyzing art.

Be sure to include the citation for your selected work of art.

Your initial post must be at least 200 words in length.

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July 1, 2023

21. The percentage-of-sales procedure arises from the idea that uncollectible amounts will vary with the volume of credit business. The firm estimates the appropriate percentage by studying its own experience or by inquiring into the experience of similar firms. Default rates generally fall within the range of .01% to .02% of credit sales.

22. The percentage-of-completion method measures the proportion of total work carried out during the accounting period either from engineers' estimates of the degree of completion or from the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total costs expected for the entire contract.

23. A common-size income statement expresses each expense and net income as a percentage of
A. assets.
B. revenues.
C. liabilities.
D. expenses.
E. shareholders’ equity.

24. If the firm has received a promise of payment but cannot measure this promise with reasonable reliability,
A. U.S. GAAP would permit revenue to be recognized, but IFRS would not permit revenue to be recognized.
B. U.S. GAAP would not permit revenue to be recognized, but IFRS would permit revenue to be recognized.
C. neither U.S. GAAP nor IFRS would permit revenue to be recognized.
D. U.S. GAAP and IFRS would permit revenue to be recognized.
E. none of the above

25. Which section includes income derived from a firm’s primary business activities as well as from activities peripherally related to operations? (The firm expects these sources of earnings to continue.)
A. income from continuing operations
B. income, gains, and losses from discontinued operations
C. extraordinary gains and losses
D. retained earnings
E. paid-in-capital

26. Operating risks
A. include variability in sales from changing economic conditions (cyclicality risk).
B. include variability in sales from short product life cycles (because of technological change or changes in consumer taste).
C. include variability of earnings that arises when the firm has a high proportion of fixed costs that do not change as sales change.
D. Answers a, b, and c are correct.
E. None of these answer choices is correct.

27. Ulrich Co. sells an asset to a buyer for a total sales price of $6,000 with a payment schedule of $2,000 in year 1, $2,000 in year 2, and $2,000 in year 3. The cost of the asset is $5,000. Under the cost-recovery-first method, what amount of net profit is recognized in year 3?
A. $2,000
B. $1,000
C. $666.67
D. $333.33
E. $0

28. Which of the following is true regarding income recognition?
A. The seller must have substantially performed its obligations to the customer (for example, by transferring ownership of goods to the customer).
B. The seller must have obtained an asset from the customer that it can reliably measure. If the asset is not cash, the seller must be reasonably certain of converting it into cash.
C. The firm recognizes expenses when it consumes assets.
D. If an event or transaction leads to the recognition of revenue, the firm matches the consumption of any assets (the expense), in time, with the revenue recognized.
E. all of the above

29. Cowden Properties

Cowden Properties sold a condominium to Ms. Roberts for $90,000. Cowden originally acquired the condo at a cost of $40,000 and made improvements to the unit totaling $20,000. The contract for sale required Ms. Roberts to pay the $90,000 as follows: