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Discussion board 3: designer babies

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The topic of your lesson this week is Biotechnology and Genomics. A designer baby is a human embryo which has been genetically modified, usually following guidelines set by the parent or scientist, to produce desirable traits. This is done using various methods, such as germline engineering or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This technology is the subject of ethical debate, bringing up the concept of genetically modified “superhumans” to interbreed with and eventually replace modern humans.

Creating genetically modified children is no longer a science fiction fantasy, it’s likely a future scenario. Biologist Paul Knoepfler estimates that within fifteen years, scientists could use the gene editing technology CRISPR to make certain ‘upgrades’ to human embryos-from altering appearances to eliminating the risk of auto-immune diseases.

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis has the ability to select an embryo based on gender preferences. Since changing a gender is not needed, but desired this could cause much controversy. Additionally, the procedure is able to create a donor offspring or a “savior sibling”, which can assist a pre-existing offspring for medical purposes. PGD can help select for desirable traits by avoiding implanting embryos with genes that have serious diseases or disabilities.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants. HLA are proteins, or markers, found on most cells of your body. Your immune system uses these markers to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not. It’s a donor whose HLA are very closely matched to the recipients. The best donors for HLA are siblings. Siblings are more closely matched than non siblings.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) commonly referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by extracting eggs, retrieving a sperm sample, and then manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish. The embryo(s) is then transferred to the uterus.

The first designer baby in the United States was Adam Nash was from Colorado in 1990. In 1989 Adam Nash was conceived to save his 6 year old sister Molly, who was dying from an extremely rare genetic disease called Fanconi anemia. This rare bone marrow failure disease is passed down through families as an autosomal recessive disease. It results in decreased production of all types of red blood cells. Molly was unable to find a bone marrow match for a transplant. Through IVF, HLA Typing, and PGD, the Nash family had Adam. He had the stem cells in his umbilical cord that would save her life. Molly is now 23 years old. The Nash family went on to have a third, healthy child through IVF, again selecting an embryo without the Fanconi gene. The book My Sister’s Keeper (2009) was written by Jodi Picoult and loosely based on the Nash family. It is now a movie starring Cameron Diaz and Abigail Breslin.

Britain’s first designer baby was Jodie, born in 2005. Her older brother Joshua had a rare, incurable bone marrow disease called Diamond Blackfin Anemia.

Take it one step further…In 2018 in China, genetics researcher He Jiankui at the Southern University of Science and Technology used a DNA editing technique called CRISPR-Cas9 on human embryos to create twin girls with a modification to reduce the rick of HIV infection. His team performed “gene surgery” on embryos created from their parents’ sperm and eggs to protect the children from the human immunodeficiency virus which causes AIDS. The father is HIV positive.

For this discussion board:

From the information given in the videos and the reading, answer each question below in numbered paragraphs 

1. In the TEDTalk, Paul Knoepfler talked about two hypothetical kids, Jenna and Maryann. Describe what he said were the differences between a “natural’ kid and a “GM’ kid.
2. Describe what kind of risks/issues, good and bad, can be seen with these “GM” kids?
3. Explain how CRISPR-Cas9 is used to create GM kids.
4. Is it wrong to produce designer babies, tested to ensure the absence of harmful genes, to be tissue donors for sick siblings? Share your thoughts.
5. Read your classmate’s posts and respond to one student whose thoughts about designer babies used to treat sick siblings was different from yours.

It will be necessary for you to find sources to get information on your stories. Remember to always give credit or cite your source information. This should be written in your own words. You show understanding of the topic when you can summarize it without using the same phrases or word choice as the original sites or videos. Changing a few words in a sentence is still plagiarism. The link below is a good tutorial about avoiding plagiarism in your writing.

https://library.tccd.edu/resources/tutorials/plagiarism/index.php

Cite your sources using APA style. The website below has information to help you cite your source(s) correctly.

https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides

Hover over “Citation Guides” to choose the correct type of source.

Below is another resource regarding APA style from the TCC Library.

https://library.tccd.edu/academic_support/citations

Choose reliable sources like those found using the article database from the TCC library (Today’s Science and Science in Context by Gale are great), information from universities, and governmental websites (https://www.choosemyplate.gov

https://www.usda.gov/topics/food-and-nutrition) Wikipedia and personal websites/blogs are not good sources.

Grading criteria (Please see Grading Rubric for more detailed criteria):

10 points – grammar and source information, numbered paragraphs

8 points – described the differences between a ‘natural’ kid and a “GM’ kid.

8 points – described risks/issues for “GM” kids

8 points – explained how CRISPR-Cas9 is used to make “GM” kids

8 points – gave thoughts on designer babies being used to treat sick siblings

8 points – read your classmate’s posts and responded to thoughts different from yours about designer babies used to treat sick siblings

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July 1, 2023
    

 

11) If the annual interest rate is 3%, $10 000 received today has the same present value as ________ received one year from now.

A) $10 000

B) $13 000

C) $300

D) $9707.74

E) $10 300

12) Consider a bond with a face value of $10 000, a three-year term and a coupon payment of 6% made at the end of each year. The face value of the bond is repaid at the end of the term. Which of the following equations will correctly calculate the present value of the bond?

A) PV = + +

B) PV = + +

C) PV = + +

D) PV = + +

E) PV = + +

13) In a competitive financial market, the equilibrium price of an asset will equal the

A) present value of the asset.

B) future value of the asset.

C) sum of present value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

D) future value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

E) issue price of the asset.

14) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 6%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $267.30

B) $283.02

C) $1763.22

D) $1854.67

E) $1946.53

15) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 4%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $288.45

B) $1866.67

C) $1941.57

D) $1966.39

E) $2055.50

16) When considering the present value of any financial asset that makes a stream of payments in the future, we know that if the market interest rate falls,

A) the present value of the asset will rise.

B) the future value of the asset will rise.

C) the current value of the asset will fall.

D) the present value of the asset will fall.

E) the present value of the asset is unaffected.

17) Consider a Government of Canada bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $925. If this bond is offered for sale at $960, then

A) the excess demand for the bond at $960 will drive the price up to the face value of the bond.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest up.

C) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest down.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) the lack of demand for this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $925.

18) Consider a Hydro Quebec bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $1175. If this bond is offered for sale at $1025, then

A) excess supply of this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its face value.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive down the price further.

C) excess demand for this bond will drive the price up until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $1175.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) Hydro Quebec will be forced to change the face value of the bond.

19) If the current market price of a bond is less than the present value of the income stream the bond will produce, the price will ________ due to excess ________ of/for the bond.

A) rise; supply

B) fall; supply

C) rise; demand

D) fall; demand

20) An analyst is considering the purchase of a Government of Canada bond that will pay its face value of $10 000 in one year's time, but pay no direct interest. The market interest rate is 4% and the bond is being offered for sale at a price of $9800. The analyst should recommend

A) purchasing the bond because the buyer will earn a profit of $185.

B) purchasing the bond because the bond price is equal to its present value.

C) not purchasing the bond because the price is lower than its present value.

D) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $192 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

E) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $392 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

 

 

default image
July 1, 2023
    

 

11) If the annual interest rate is 3%, $10 000 received today has the same present value as ________ received one year from now.

A) $10 000

B) $13 000

C) $300

D) $9707.74

E) $10 300

12) Consider a bond with a face value of $10 000, a three-year term and a coupon payment of 6% made at the end of each year. The face value of the bond is repaid at the end of the term. Which of the following equations will correctly calculate the present value of the bond?

A) PV = + +

B) PV = + +

C) PV = + +

D) PV = + +

E) PV = + +

13) In a competitive financial market, the equilibrium price of an asset will equal the

A) present value of the asset.

B) future value of the asset.

C) sum of present value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

D) future value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

E) issue price of the asset.

14) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 6%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $267.30

B) $283.02

C) $1763.22

D) $1854.67

E) $1946.53

15) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 4%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $288.45

B) $1866.67

C) $1941.57

D) $1966.39

E) $2055.50

16) When considering the present value of any financial asset that makes a stream of payments in the future, we know that if the market interest rate falls,

A) the present value of the asset will rise.

B) the future value of the asset will rise.

C) the current value of the asset will fall.

D) the present value of the asset will fall.

E) the present value of the asset is unaffected.

17) Consider a Government of Canada bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $925. If this bond is offered for sale at $960, then

A) the excess demand for the bond at $960 will drive the price up to the face value of the bond.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest up.

C) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest down.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) the lack of demand for this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $925.

18) Consider a Hydro Quebec bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $1175. If this bond is offered for sale at $1025, then

A) excess supply of this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its face value.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive down the price further.

C) excess demand for this bond will drive the price up until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $1175.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) Hydro Quebec will be forced to change the face value of the bond.

19) If the current market price of a bond is less than the present value of the income stream the bond will produce, the price will ________ due to excess ________ of/for the bond.

A) rise; supply

B) fall; supply

C) rise; demand

D) fall; demand

20) An analyst is considering the purchase of a Government of Canada bond that will pay its face value of $10 000 in one year's time, but pay no direct interest. The market interest rate is 4% and the bond is being offered for sale at a price of $9800. The analyst should recommend

A) purchasing the bond because the buyer will earn a profit of $185.

B) purchasing the bond because the bond price is equal to its present value.

C) not purchasing the bond because the price is lower than its present value.

D) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $192 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

E) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $392 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

 

 

default image
July 1, 2023
    

 

11) If the annual interest rate is 3%, $10 000 received today has the same present value as ________ received one year from now.

A) $10 000

B) $13 000

C) $300

D) $9707.74

E) $10 300

12) Consider a bond with a face value of $10 000, a three-year term and a coupon payment of 6% made at the end of each year. The face value of the bond is repaid at the end of the term. Which of the following equations will correctly calculate the present value of the bond?

A) PV = + +

B) PV = + +

C) PV = + +

D) PV = + +

E) PV = + +

13) In a competitive financial market, the equilibrium price of an asset will equal the

A) present value of the asset.

B) future value of the asset.

C) sum of present value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

D) future value of the asset multiplied by the interest rate.

E) issue price of the asset.

14) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 6%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $267.30

B) $283.02

C) $1763.22

D) $1854.67

E) $1946.53

15) Consider a bond that promises to make coupon payments of $100 each year for three years (beginning in one year's time) and also repays the face value of $2000 at the end of the third year. If the market interest rate is 4%, what is the present value of this bond?

A) $288.45

B) $1866.67

C) $1941.57

D) $1966.39

E) $2055.50

16) When considering the present value of any financial asset that makes a stream of payments in the future, we know that if the market interest rate falls,

A) the present value of the asset will rise.

B) the future value of the asset will rise.

C) the current value of the asset will fall.

D) the present value of the asset will fall.

E) the present value of the asset is unaffected.

17) Consider a Government of Canada bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $925. If this bond is offered for sale at $960, then

A) the excess demand for the bond at $960 will drive the price up to the face value of the bond.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest up.

C) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive the market rate of interest down.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) the lack of demand for this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $925.

18) Consider a Hydro Quebec bond with a face value of $1000, and a present value of $1175. If this bond is offered for sale at $1025, then

A) excess supply of this bond will drive the price down until it reaches its face value.

B) individuals will purchase the bond at the offer price which will drive down the price further.

C) excess demand for this bond will drive the price up until it reaches its equilibrium market price of $1175.

D) the equilibrium market price of this bond has been achieved.

E) Hydro Quebec will be forced to change the face value of the bond.

19) If the current market price of a bond is less than the present value of the income stream the bond will produce, the price will ________ due to excess ________ of/for the bond.

A) rise; supply

B) fall; supply

C) rise; demand

D) fall; demand

20) An analyst is considering the purchase of a Government of Canada bond that will pay its face value of $10 000 in one year's time, but pay no direct interest. The market interest rate is 4% and the bond is being offered for sale at a price of $9800. The analyst should recommend

A) purchasing the bond because the buyer will earn a profit of $185.

B) purchasing the bond because the bond price is equal to its present value.

C) not purchasing the bond because the price is lower than its present value.

D) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $192 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

E) not purchasing the bond because the buyer could earn an additional $392 by investing the $9800 elsewhere.

 

 

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