21. Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called: 
A. authoritarian.
B. permissive.
C. authoritative.
D. uninvolved.

22. Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"? 
A. Attachment style
B. Temperament
C. Choice of mother tongue
D. Choice of friends

23. Bonnie is three months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop: 
A. a general sense of mistrust.
B. a sense of superiority.
C. an inflated id.
D. memory impairment.

24. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage. 
A. trust-versus-mistrust
B. id-versus-ego
C. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
D. intimacy-versus-isolation

25. Elizabeth is five years old, and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper. However, at the end of the day, her mother often loses her temper easily, and ends up scolding Elizabeth. She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her, she makes more of a mess. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth is most likely to develop: 
A. a strong sense of independence.
B. feelings of guilt.
C. feelings of superiority.
D. a sense of jealousy.

26. Derwood is 8 years old and he likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far have not received good grades, and in several instances his friends have made fun of his work. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood is most likely to develop: 
A. feelings of inferiority.
B. a sense of pride.
C. a sense of stagnation.
D. a sense of independence.

27. Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? 
A. Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.
B. The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.
C. Erikson's theory provided confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.
D. Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

28. Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order? 
A. Piaget
B. Freud
C. Bandura
D. Pavlov

29. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence? 
A. sensorimotor à concrete operational à preoperational à formal operational
B. preoperational à concrete operational à preoperational à formal operational
C. sensorimotor à preoperational à concrete operational à formal operational
D. nonoperational à preoperational à operational à postoperational

30. Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with its Piagetian stage? 
A. 0-2 years; sensorimotor stage
B. 2-7 years; preoperational stage
C. 7-12 years; concrete operational stage
D. 12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may

A) activate an inappropriate schema.

B) become too reflective.

C) experience overgeneralization.

D) rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.

2) You remember that, when you lost your billfold last semester, campus security found it for you. You lost it again this morning and decided to call campus security. The method used to solve this problem is called a(n)

A) heuristic search.

B) means-ends analysis.

C) pattern matching.

D) schema-driven route.

3) The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of

A) a heuristic.

B) metacognition.

C) patterning.

D) top-down processing.

4) A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n)

A) algorithm.

B) heuristic.

C) theorem.

D) working-backward strategy.

5) Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic?

A) Analogical thinking

B) Domain specific

C) Exhaustive

D) Guaranteed solution

6) Sgt. York couldn't get a shot at the enemy, who was keeping his head down in a foxhole. "Why, he's acting just like the turkeys back in Kentucky!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble. The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet. What cognition process did the sergeant use?

A) Analogical thinking

B) Deductive logic

C) Overlearning

D) The generate-test method

7) Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves

A) beginning at the goal and moving backwards to the unsolved initial problem.

B) distance reduction and dividing a problem into subgoals.

C) limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem.

D) using analogical reasoning and heuristics.

8) Hernando looked at the problem and exclaimed: "Aha! This is just like when Ahab was obsessed with the great white whale, Moby Dick!" This comment is the result of

A) analogical thinking.

B) deductive logic.

C) overlearning.

D) the generate-test method.

9) Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the state of functional fixedness?

A) Nathaniel, a student who is using a ruler for drawing lines, fails to realize that he can use its metal edge as a scraper to remove paint from his desk.

B) Kathy, a student who is trying to solve a math problem, explores many different strategies until she finds a reasonable answer.

C) Rebecca, a third-grade teacher, sees the second-grade achievement scores for her new class and begins to form expectancies about individuals' abilities.

D) Wendell, who is used to making "d" look like "b," continues to make the same error.

10) Greg ponders over a math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies

A) functional fixedness.

B) insight.

C) problem representation.

D) transfer.

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may

A) activate an inappropriate schema.

B) become too reflective.

C) experience overgeneralization.

D) rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.

2) You remember that, when you lost your billfold last semester, campus security found it for you. You lost it again this morning and decided to call campus security. The method used to solve this problem is called a(n)

A) heuristic search.

B) means-ends analysis.

C) pattern matching.

D) schema-driven route.

3) The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of

A) a heuristic.

B) metacognition.

C) patterning.

D) top-down processing.

4) A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n)

A) algorithm.

B) heuristic.

C) theorem.

D) working-backward strategy.

5) Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic?

A) Analogical thinking

B) Domain specific

C) Exhaustive

D) Guaranteed solution

6) Sgt. York couldn't get a shot at the enemy, who was keeping his head down in a foxhole. "Why, he's acting just like the turkeys back in Kentucky!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble. The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet. What cognition process did the sergeant use?

A) Analogical thinking

B) Deductive logic

C) Overlearning

D) The generate-test method

7) Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves

A) beginning at the goal and moving backwards to the unsolved initial problem.

B) distance reduction and dividing a problem into subgoals.

C) limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem.

D) using analogical reasoning and heuristics.

8) Hernando looked at the problem and exclaimed: "Aha! This is just like when Ahab was obsessed with the great white whale, Moby Dick!" This comment is the result of

A) analogical thinking.

B) deductive logic.

C) overlearning.

D) the generate-test method.

9) Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the state of functional fixedness?

A) Nathaniel, a student who is using a ruler for drawing lines, fails to realize that he can use its metal edge as a scraper to remove paint from his desk.

B) Kathy, a student who is trying to solve a math problem, explores many different strategies until she finds a reasonable answer.

C) Rebecca, a third-grade teacher, sees the second-grade achievement scores for her new class and begins to form expectancies about individuals' abilities.

D) Wendell, who is used to making "d" look like "b," continues to make the same error.

10) Greg ponders over a math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies

A) functional fixedness.

B) insight.

C) problem representation.

D) transfer.

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