Psy101 module 1 slp: overview of psychology: biological bases of

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The session long project for our course is going to give you the opportunity to prepare a professional paper addressing an issue within the field of Psychology. This SLP assignment will enhance your ability to locate, assimilate, and critically assess information from existing published literature in order to answer a specific research question or set of related questions. Your final Session Long Project (with all revisions) is due at the end of module 5. You are expected, however, to submit each of the following segments of your work upon the completion of each module, accordingly:

1. MODULE ONE: Overview of Issue and Research Question

2. MODULE TWO: Reference List Page (5-10 references)

3. MODULE THREE: Detailed Outline of Paper

4. MODULE FOUR: Solid Draft of Entire Paper

5. MODULE FIVE: Final Paper in its Entirety

Your topic for this paper should focus on one of these specific research questions:

What do we know about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? What psychological symptoms are associated with it, and what effective treatments exist today (if any) to manage those symptoms?
How do traumatic experiences in childhood impact us later in life? Do they affect our ability to cope with subsequent traumatic experiences (either positively or negatively)? Do they somehow make us prone to experience more trauma later in life, and if so, how might that happen?
Given your understanding of three main psychological theories (Psychodynamic/Freud, Humanistic/Rogers, Cognitive-Behavioral/Beck), how might an adult who’d been traumatized as a child be treated differently by a psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapist? Which therapy orientation do you think would be most effective for this person, and why?
Given your understanding of stress, the ‘fight-or-flight’ response and the neurological processes associated with it, what makes some events in life more difficult to cope with than others? Why are some people more capable of coping with stressful situations than others? Is the ability to cope with stress related to personality, intelligence, or some other variable?

SLP Assignment Expectations

In accordance with the above timeframe for your SLP work, the task at hand for this first module entails preparing an Introduction presenting an overview of the issue you have chosen to pursue for this course component (that is, the issue you chose to address from the four choices). This overview should be 2-3 paragraphs in length – identifying and further describing the issue to be addressed, along with subsequent sub-topics / details on the identified issue.

Your overview should be labeled, “Introduction”, and should conclude with the specific RESEARCH QUESTION or questions pertaining to your selected issue.

NOTE: The four choices for research questions are listed above: Your Introduction should end with one of these, either word-for-word or re-worded. For example, my Introduction might start with a general statement about the role of negative experiences in our growth and development, define “trauma” as a particular type of negative event, and then define PTSD while presenting statistics about the prevalence of PTSD in society. I might then end my Introduction with, “This paper will address the questions, What do we know about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? What psychological symptoms are associated with it, and what effective treatments exist today (if any) to manage those symptoms?'”

Your paper must go on to address any and all research questions posed in this introductory section.

This paper is expected to be in APA format, so it would be good to familiarize yourself with this format so you can begin to add those elements in when applicable.

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July 1, 2023

5) What criteria are available in determining which of two alternate cost function estimates is better for a particular management decision?

A) goodness of fit

B) economic plausibility

C) the significance of the difference between the costs associated with the highest and lowest observations of the cost driver

D) the significance of the difference between the unit values for the highest and lowest observations of the cost driver

E) the goodness of fit and economic plausibility

6) Which of the following is/are one of the criteria used when a manager evaluates an estimated cost function for decision making purposes?

A) economic plausibility

B) goodness of fit

C) irrelevant high-low outliers

D) specifications analysis

E) economic plausibility and goodness of fit

7) In multiple regression, when two or more independent variables are correlated with one another, the situation is known as

A) heteroscedasticity.

B) homoscedasticity.

C) spurious correlation.

D) autocorrelation.

E) multicollinearity.

8) Multicollinearity exists when which of the following conditions is present?

A) At least two variables change due to changes in the cost driver.

B) There are at least two cost pools (usually separated for fixed and variable costs).

C) The underlying value of the coefficient can only be explained in relation to dependent variables.

D) There are two or more statistically significant observations of at least two independent variables.

E) Two or more independent variables are highly correlated with each other.

9) In regression analysis, the term independence of residuals means

A) the residual term for any one observation is not related to the residual term of any other observation.

B) the data exhibit serial correlation.

C) the data exhibit autocorrelation.

D) there is a systematic pattern of positive residuals.

E) there is a systematic pattern of either only positive or only negative residuals.

10) Larson's Stables uses two different independent variables in two different equations to evaluate the cost activities of training horses, trainer's hours, and number of horses. The most recent year's results of the two regressions are as follows:

Trainer's hours:

Variable

Coefficient

Standard Error

t-Value

Constant

913.32

198.12

4.61

Predictor Variable

20.90

2.94

7.11

r2 = 0.56

Number of horses:

Variable

Coefficient

Standard Error

t-Value

Constant

4,764.50

1,073.09

4.44

Predictor Variable

864.98

247.14

3.50

r2 = 0.63

What is the estimated cost for the coming year if 16,000 trainer hours are incurred and the stable has 400 horses to be trained based on the best cost driver?

A) $33,555.50

B) $99,929.09

C) $350,756.50

D) $335,313.32

E) $13,844,444.50

11) C. M. Chain was to manufacture 1,000 chain saws next month. Its accountant has provided the following analysis of the total manufacturing costs.

Variable

Coefficient

Standard Error

t-Value

Constant

200

143.88

1.39

Predictor Variable

400

183.49

2.18

r2 = 0.71

What is the estimated cost of producing the 1,000 chain saws?

A) $400,200

B) $284,142

C) $200,400

D) $18,000

E) $9,000

12) Goodness-of-fit measures how well the predicted values in a cost estimating equation

A) match the cost driver.

B) match the actual cost observations.

C) fit the coefficient of determination.

D) rely on the independent variable.

E) rely on the dependent variable

13) Which of the following statements about a high correlation between two variables s and t is FALSE?

A) s may cause t.

B) t may cause s.

C) They both may be affected by a third variable.

D) The correlation establishes an economically plausible relationship between costs and their cost drivers.

E) The correlation may be due to random chance.

Use the information below to answer the following question(s).

Bernie Company used regression analysis to predict the annual cost of indirect materials. The results were as follows:

Indirect Materials Cost Explained by Units Produced

Constant

$4,378

Standard error of Y estimate

$912

R - squared

0.9183

No. of observations

Degrees of freedom

X coefficient

2.35

Standard error of coefficient(s)

0.437525

14) The linear cost function is

A) Y =.$918 + 0.44X.

B) Y = $912 + $1.03X.

C) Y = $4,020 + $0.92X.

D) Y = $4,378+ $0.92X.

E) Y = $4,378 + $2.35X.