Fundamentals of professional nursing | Nursing homework help

· Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in the neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine and glutamate. An excess of dopamine activity in certain brain areas is linked to psychotic symptoms (Kahn, 2020).

· Abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain are evident, including reduced gray matter and impaired connectivity between different brain regions.

· Glutamate dysfunction contributes to cognitive deficits and negative symptoms by affecting the neural circuitry (McCutcheon et al., 2023).

· Neurodevelopmental disturbances possibly related to prenatal exposure to infections, malnutrition, or stress may disrupt brain development, leading to susceptibility to schizophrenia (Goff, 2021).

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on patient history and symptoms, following DSM-5 criteria. Symptoms must include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech (Kahn, 2020).

· Objective Data (observed): Disorganized behavior, negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression, lack of motivation.

· Labs and Radiology: MRI may show ventricular enlargement or reduced cortical thickness. EEG might show nonspecific abnormalities (McCutcheon et al., 2023).

Complications

· Increased risk of suicide and self-injury.

· Co-occurring conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse (Goff, 2021).

· Social and occupational dysfunction due to symptoms.

Treatment

· Medical: Comprehensive assessment and management of comorbidities, including substance use disorders and mood disturbances.

· Medications: Antipsychotic medications (typical and atypical) to alleviate psychotic symptoms, adjunctive agents for mood stabilization and cognitive enhancement (McCutcheon et al., 2023).

· Intervention: Individualized psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, family therapy) to address specific symptomatology and functional impairments.

· Supportive: Psychosocial interventions, vocational rehabilitation, housing assistance, and peer support programs to enhance social integration and quality of life (Goff, 2021).

Risk Factors

· Chemical: Imbalance of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and glutamate (Goff, 2021).

· Environmental: Urban upbringing, migration, and cannabis use can increase risk.

· Psychological: Stressful life events and trauma are significant risk factors (Kahn, 2020).

· Physiological: Advanced paternal age, prenatal nutritional deficiencies, and prenatal exposure to toxins or infections.

· Genetic: Strong genetic component with heritability estimated at around 80%. Multiple genes involved, but none are solely responsible (Kahn, 2020).

Nursing Diagnosis

Problem statement (NANDA diagnosis): Disturbed sensory perception related to schizophrenia.

Related to (What is happening in the body to cause the issue?): Neurochemical imbalances and disrupted perceptual experiences.

As evidenced by (Specific symptoms): Reported hallucinations, delusional thoughts, disorganized speech, and altered cognitive functions.

References

Goff, D. C. (2021). The pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia—2021. Jama, 325(2), 175-176. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.19048

McCutcheon, R. A., Keefe, R. S., & McGuire, P. K. (2023). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. 
Molecular psychiatry
28(5), 1902-1918.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9

Place your order
(550 words)

Approximate price: $22

Calculate the price of your order

550 words
We'll send you the first draft for approval by September 11, 2018 at 10:52 AM
Total price:
$26
The price is based on these factors:
Academic level
Number of pages
Urgency
Basic features
  • Free title page and bibliography
  • Unlimited revisions
  • Plagiarism-free guarantee
  • Money-back guarantee
  • 24/7 support
On-demand options
  • Writer’s samples
  • Part-by-part delivery
  • Overnight delivery
  • Copies of used sources
  • Expert Proofreading
Paper format
  • 275 words per page
  • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman
  • Double line spacing
  • Any citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard)

Our guarantees

Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.

Money-back guarantee

You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.

Read more

Zero-plagiarism guarantee

Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.

Read more

Free-revision policy

Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.

Read more

Privacy policy

Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.

Read more

Fair-cooperation guarantee

By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.

Read more