American Heart Association Basic Life Support Exams A and B February 16, © 2016 American Heart Association Contents • Student Answer Sheet • Exam A • Exam A Answer K ey • Exam A Annotated Answer Key • Exam B • Exam B Answer Key • Exam B Annotated Answer Key American Heart Association Basic Life Support Exam A February 16, © 2016 American Heart Association Basic Life Support Exam A (25 questions) Please do not mark on this exam. Record the best answer on the separate answer sheet. 1. While performing high-quality CPR on an adult, what action should you ensure is being accomplished? A. Maintaining a compression rate of 90 to 120/min B. Placing hands on the upper third of the sternum C. Allowing the chest to recoil 1 inch D. Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED. 2. When the AED arrives, what is the first step for using it? A. Apply the pads to the patient’s chest B. Clear the patient C. Turn on the AED D. Press the shock button 3. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, the AED detects ventricular fibrillation. What is the next step when using an AED? A. Check the victim for a carotid pulse B. Follow the AED prompts C. Clear the patient D. Press the shock button 4. What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water? A. Do not move the victim, and do not use the AED B. Pull the victim out of the water, but do not use the AED C. Pull the victim out of the water, and wipe the chest D. Do not pull the victim out of the water, but wipe the chest before placing pads 5. How can rescuers ensure that they are providing effective breaths when using a bag-mask device? A. Observing the chest rise with breaths B. Delivering breaths quickly and forcefully C. Always having oxygen attached to the bag D. Allowing air to release around the mask 6. What ratio for compressions to breaths should be used for 1-rescuer infant CPR? A. 5 compressions to 1 breath B. 20 compressions to 2 breaths C. 15 compressions to 2 breaths D. 30 compressions to 2 breaths 7. What is a consideration when you are using an AED? A. You should never remove a transdermal medication patch before applying AED pads B. On a hairy chest, the pads may not stick and may fail to deliver a shock C. AEDs can be used while a victim is submerged in water D. You should not use an AED on someone with an implanted pacemaker Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response system. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional rescuers arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt. 8. What actions should occur next, to support a team-based resuscitation attempt? A. 2 rescuers alternate using the AED and giving breaths B. 1 rescuer gives CPR while the other 2 wait for advanced life support to arrive C. 2 rescuers alternate giving high-quality chest compressions D. 2 rescuers operate the AED while the third rescuer gives breaths 9. Two rescuers begin high-quality CPR while the third rescuer leaves to get the AED. What action supports 2-rescuer CPR? A. Alternating the AED role every 2 minutes B. Alternating the compressor role every 2 minutes C. Alternating giving rescue breaths every 3 cycles D. Alternating giving shocks every 3 cycles 10. “Members of the team know their boundaries and ask for help before the resuscitation attempt worsens.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Knowledge sharing B. Summarizing and reevaluation C. Constructive intervention D. Knowing your limitations 11. A victim with a foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What is your first course of action? A. Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions B. Roll the victim over and perform back blows C. Perform abdominal thrusts D. Perform blind finger sweeps 12. Why is defibrillation important? A. It prevents rearrest from occurring B. It is not important for cardiac arrest C. There is a 100% success rate in regaining a normal cardiac rhythm D. It can restore a regular cardiac rhythm 13. You witness someone suddenly collapse. The person is unresponsive, you hear gasping sounds, and there is no pulse. What should you do next? A. Begin CPR; the gasps are not normal breathing B. Give rescue breaths only; the gasps are not normal breathing C. Monitor the patient; the gasps are considered normal breathing D. Begin CPR, even though gasping is normal breathing Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. 14. Which action is most likely to positively impact this victim’s survival? A. Performing high-quality CPR B. Ensuring scene safety C. Providing rescue breaths D. Checking the pulse frequently 15. You and another rescuer begin CPR. After a few cycles, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. What should you say to offer constructive feedback? A. “You need to compress at a rate of 80 to 120 per minute.” B. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 120 per minute.” C. “You need to compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.” D. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 100 per minute.” 16. How do you perform chest compressions when providing high-quality CPR to a child victim? A. By compressing the chest at least one third the depth of the chest, about 2 inches (5 cm) B. By compressing the chest at least one fourth the depth of the chest, about 1.5 inches (4 cm) C. By compressing the chest at least two thirds the depth of the chest, about 4 inches (10 cm) D. By compressing the chest at least one half the depth of the chest, about 3 inches (8 cm) 17. When performing CPR on an unresponsive choking victim, what modification should you incorporate? A. There are no modifications to CPR for an unresponsive choking victim B. You do not give breaths to an unresponsive choking victim C. Each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object D. Attempt a jaw thrust instead of a head tilt‒chin lift Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. 18. You have determined that the infant is responsive and choking with a severe airway obstruction. How do you relieve the airway obstruction? A. Encourage the infant to cough B. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts C. Begin 2 thumb‒encircling hands chest compressions D. Give abdominal thrusts 19. Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant? A. Perform CPR, and look in the mouth for the obstructing object B. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts C. Give sets of 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back slaps D. Attempt a blind finger sweep when giving breaths to remove the obstructing object 20. Which victim requires high-quality CPR? A. A victim who is unresponsive, has a strong pulse, and is breathing adequately B. A victim who is unresponsive with no normal breathing and no pulse C. A victim who is responsive, has a pulse, and is having trouble breathing D. A victim who is responsive, is having trouble breathing, and has a pulse less than 60/min 21. “The team functions smoothly when all team members know their positions, functions, and tasks during a resuscitation attempt.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Clear roles and responsibilities B. Knowing your limitations C. Constructive intervention D. Mutual respect 22. Why is allowing complete chest recoil important when performing high-quality CPR? A. There will be a reduction of rescuer fatigue B. It will reduce the risk of rib fractures C. The heart will adequately refill between compressions D. The rate of chest compressions will increase Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer begin performing high-quality CPR. 23. When should rescuers switch positions during CPR? A. Never switch rescuers, and maintain current roles B. Switch rescuers at 5-minute intervals C. Switch rescuers about every 2 minutes D. Switch rescuers when placing the AED pads 24. You notice the person giving chest compressions is not allowing for complete chest recoil. What is your next course of action? A. Stand back and await direction from the team leader B. Take over leadership and give direction C. Immediately take over chest compressions D. Tell the compressor you notice decreased chest recoil 25. Rapid defibrillation is a link in the adult Chain of Survival. Why is this important to survival? A. It prevents cardiac arrest B. It prevents respiratory arrest C. It provides normal respiration D. It eliminates the abnormal heart rhythm Annotated Answer Key Basic Life Support Exam A Provider Manual page numbers below refer to the printed book and the eBook as viewed through the offline desktop/laptop reader, not the eBook as viewed through the mobile apps or ebooks.heart.org. 1. While performing high-quality CPR on an adult, what action should you ensure is being accomplished? A. Maintaining a compression rate of 90 to 120/min B. Placing hands on the upper third of the sternum C. Allowing the chest to recoil 1 inch D. Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches The correct answer is D. When performing chest compressions on an adult (or adolescent), a compression depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) should be used. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Chest Compressions; page 19] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED. 2. When the AED arrives, what is the first step for using it? A. Apply the pads to the patient’s chest B. Clear the patient C. Turn on the AED D. Press the shock button The correct answer is C. The first step for using an AED (when it becomes available) is to power on the AED if needed. Some devices will power on automatically when you open the lid or case. Because AEDs vary according to the model and manufacturer, it is important to become familiar with the AED used in your particular setting. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Using the AED > Universal Steps for Operating an AED; page 35] 3. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, the AED detects ventricular fibrillation. What is the next step when using an AED? A. Check the victim for a carotid pulse B. Follow the AED prompts C. Clear the patient D. Press the shock button The correct answer is B. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, you should follow the AED prompts. The AED will analyze the victim’s heart rhythm and prompt you to deliver a shock if needed. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Using the AED > Universal Steps for Operating an AED; page 35] 4. What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water? A. Do not move the victim, and do not use the AED B. Pull the victim out of the water, but do not use the AED C. Pull the victim out of the water, and wipe the chest D. Do not pull the victim out of the water, but wipe the chest before placing pads The correct answer is C. Special situations may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing AED pads for a victim who is immersed in water. In this case, the victim should be pulled out of the water. If the chest is covered with some water, it should be quickly wiped before attaching the AED pads. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Special Circumstances > Water; page 39] 5. How can rescuers ensure that they are providing effective breaths when using a bag-mask device? A. Observing the chest rise with breaths B. Delivering breaths quickly and forcefully C. Always having oxygen attached to the bag D. Allowing air to release around the mask The correct answer is A. Squeeze the bag to give breaths (1 second each) while watching for chest rise. Deliver each breath over 1 second, with or without supplementary oxygen. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Breaths > Bag-Mask Devices > Bag-Mask Ventilation Technique (1 Rescuer); page 26] 6. What ratio for compressions to breaths should be used for 1-rescuer infant CPR? A. 5 compressions to 1 breath B. 20 compressions to 2 breaths C. 15 compressions to 2 breaths D. 30 compressions to 2 breaths The correct answer is D. For 1-rescuer infant CPR, the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 5: BLS for Infants and Children > Infant/Child Chest Compressions > Compression Rate and Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio; page 49] 7. What is a consideration when you are using an AED? A. You should never remove a transdermal medication patch before applying AED pads B. On a hairy chest, the pads may not stick and may fail to deliver a shock C. AEDs can be used while a victim is submerged in water D. You should not use an AED on someone with an implanted pacemaker The correct answer is B. Special situations may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing AED pads on a victim who has a hairy chest. In this case, the AED pads may stick to the hair and not to the skin on the chest, making it difficult to analyze the victim’s heart rhythm and deliver a shock (if needed). Most AED kits contain a razor for this reason. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Special Circumstances > Hairy Chest; page 39] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response system. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional rescuers arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt. 8. What actions should occur next, to support a team-based resuscitation attempt? A. 2 rescuers alternate using the AED and giving breaths B. 1 rescuer gives CPR while the other 2 wait for advanced life support to arrive C. 2 rescuers alternate giving high-quality chest compressions D. 2 rescuers operate the AED while the third rescuer gives breaths The correct answer is C. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) or sooner if needed. To minimize interruptions in compressions, perform the switch when the AED is analyzing the rhythm. Take less than 5 seconds to switch. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer Sequence > Team Roles and Duties for 2-Rescuer CPR > Foundational Facts: Effective Team Performance to Minimize Interruptions in Compressions; page 30] 9. Two rescuers begin high-quality CPR while the third rescuer leaves to get the AED. What action supports 2-rescuer CPR? A. Alternating the AED role every 2 minutes B. Alternating the compressor role every 2 minutes C. Alternating giving rescue breaths every 3 cycles D. Alternating giving shocks every 3 cycles The correct answer is B. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) or sooner if needed. To minimize interruptions in compressions, perform the switch when the AED is analyzing the rhythm. Take less than 5 seconds to switch. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer Sequence > Team Roles and Duties for 2-Rescuer CPR > Foundational Facts: Effective Team Performance to Minimize Interruptions in Compressions; page 30] 10. “Members of the team know their boundaries and ask for help before the resuscitation attempt worsens.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Knowledge sharing B. Summarizing and reevaluation C. Constructive intervention D. Knowing your limitations The correct answer is D. Every member on the team should know his or her limitations, and the team leader should be aware of them. Each team member should ask for assistance and advice early, not when the situation starts to get worse. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Knowing Your Limitations; page 43] 11. A victim with a foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What is your first course of action? A. Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions B. Roll the victim over and perform back blows C. Perform abdominal thrusts D. Perform blind finger sweeps The correct answer is A. Choking victims with severe airway obstruction may worsen and become unresponsive. If this occurs, then high-quality CPR must be started immediately, beginning with chest compressions. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Adult or Child; page 73] 12. Why is defibrillation important? A. It prevents rearrest from occurring B. It is not important for cardiac arrest C. There is a 100% success rate in regaining a normal cardiac rhythm D. It can restore a regular cardiac rhythm The correct answer is D. An AED can identify an abnormal heart rhythm that needs a shock. The AED can then deliver a shock that can convert a rhythm back to normal. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > General Concepts > Foundational Facts: Defibrillation; page 35] 13. You witness someone suddenly collapse. The person is unresponsive, you hear gasping sounds, and there is no pulse. What should you do next? A. Begin CPR; the gasps are not normal breathing B. Give rescue breaths only; the gasps are not normal breathing C. Monitor the patient; the gasps are considered normal breathing D. Begin CPR, even though gasping is normal breathing The correct answer is A. The gasps described in this question are most likely agonal gasps. Agonal gasps are not considered normal breathing and are a sign of cardiac arrest. High-quality CPR should be started immediately. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 1-Rescuer BLS Sequence > Caution: Agonal Gasps; page 17] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. 14. Which action is most likely to positively impact this victim’s survival? A. Performing high-quality CPR B. Ensuring scene safety C. Providing rescue breaths D. Checking the pulse frequently The correct answer is A. Performing high-quality CPR has been shown to improve a victim’s chances of survival. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 1: General Concepts > High-Quality CPR; page 3] 15. You and another rescuer begin CPR. After a few cycles, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. What should you say to offer constructive feedback? A. “You need to compress at a rate of 80 to 120 per minute.” B. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 120 per minute.” C. “You need to compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.” D. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 100 per minute.” The correct answer is C. Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. In this case, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. You should remind the other rescuer that a compression rate of 100 to 120/min should be used. Any person on the team should stop someone else from making a mistake, regardless of his or her role on the team. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Constructive Intervention; page 43] 16. How do you perform chest compressions when providing high-quality CPR to a child victim? A. By compressing the chest at least one third the depth of the chest, about 2 inches (5 cm) B. By compressing the chest at least one fourth the depth of the chest, about 1.5 inches (4 cm) C. By compressing the chest at least two thirds the depth of the chest, about 4 inches (10 cm) D. By compressing the chest at least one half the depth of the chest, about 3 inches (8 cm) The correct answer is A. The correct compression depth for a child victim is at least one third the AP diameter of the chest, or about 2 inches (5 cm). [BLS Provider Manual, Part 5: BLS for Infants and Children > Infant and Child Chest Compressions > Foundational Facts: Compression Depth in Adults vs Children and Infants; page 52] 17. When performing CPR on an unresponsive choking victim, what modification should you incorporate? A. There are no modifications to CPR for an unresponsive choking victim B. You do not give breaths to an unresponsive choking victim C. Each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object D. Attempt a jaw thrust instead of a head tilt‒chin lift The correct answer is C. Each time you open the airway to give breaths, open the victim’s mouth wide and look for the object. If you see an object that can be easily removed, remove it with your fingers. If you do not see an object, continue CPR. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Adult or Child; page 74] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. 18. You have determined that the infant is responsive and choking with a severe airway obstruction. How do you relieve the airway obstruction? A. Encourage the infant to cough B. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts C. Begin 2 thumb‒encircling hands chest compressions D. Give abdominal thrusts The correct answer is B. To relieve choking in a responsive infant, give alternating sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in Infants > Choking Relief in a Responsive Infant; page 75] 19. Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant? A. Perform CPR, and look in the mouth for the obstructing object B. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts C. Give sets of 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back slaps D. Attempt a blind finger sweep when giving breaths to remove the obstructing object The correct answer is A. If an infant victim becomes unresponsive, stop giving back slaps and begin CPR, starting with compressions. Additionally, each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object in the back of the throat. If you see an object and can easily remove it, remove it. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Infant; page 75] 20. Which victim requires high-quality CPR? A. A victim who is unresponsive, has a strong pulse, and is breathing adequately B. A victim who is unresponsive with no normal breathing and no pulse C. A victim who is responsive, has a pulse, and is having trouble breathing D. A victim who is responsive, is having trouble breathing, and has a pulse less than 60/min The correct answer is B. A victim who is unresponsive, is not breathing, and has no pulse requires high-quality CPR. Starting high-quality CPR immediately after cardiac arrest can greatly improve a victim’s chance of survival. An AED should be used as soon as it becomes available. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > BLS Healthcare Provider Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm; page 15] 21. “The team functions smoothly when all team members know their positions, functions, and tasks during a resuscitation attempt.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Clear roles and responsibilities B. Knowing your limitations C. Constructive intervention D. Mutual respect The correct answer is A. During a resuscitation attempt, clear roles and responsibilities should be defined as soon as possible. The team leader’s role is to clearly define and delegate tasks according to each team member’s skill level. When all team members know their jobs and responsibilities, the team functions more smoothly. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Clear Roles and Responsibilities; page 42] 22. Why is allowing complete chest recoil important when performing high-quality CPR? A. There will be a reduction of rescuer fatigue B. It will reduce the risk of rib fractures C. The heart will adequately refill between compressions D. The rate of chest compressions will increase The correct answer is C. Allowing complete chest recoil (between compressions) permits blood to flow into the heart. Incomplete chest recoil is inefficient because it reduces the blood flow created by chest compressions. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Chest Compressions > Foundational Facts: Chest Recoil; page 20] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer begin performing high-quality CPR. 23. When should rescuers switch positions during CPR? A. Never switch rescuers, and maintain current roles B. Switch rescuers at 5-minute intervals C. Switch rescuers about every 2 minutes D. Switch rescuers when placing the AED pads The correct answer is C. Rescuers should switch compressors frequently (about every 2 minutes, typically when the AED is analyzing the rhythm) so that CPR quality is not reduced because of fatigue. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer BLS Sequence > Critical Concepts: High-Performance Teams; page 29] 24. You notice the person giving chest compressions is not allowing for complete chest recoil. What is your next course of action? A. Stand back and await direction from the team leader B. Take over leadership and give direction C. Immediately take over chest compressions D. Tell the compressor you notice decreased chest recoil The correct answer is D. Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. In this case, complete chest recoil is not occurring; therefore, the next course of action would be to notify the compressor of this. Any person on the team should stop someone else from making a mistake, regardless of his or her role on the team. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Constructive Intervention; page 43] 25. Rapid defibrillation is a link in the adult Chain of Survival. Why is this important to survival? A. It prevents cardiac arrest B. It prevents respiratory arrest C. It provides normal respiration D. It eliminates the abnormal heart rhythm The correct answer is D. An AED can help terminate an abnormal rhythm and restore a regular heart rhythm. When used in combination with high-quality CPR, an AED can double (or triple) the chances of survival. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 1: General Concepts > The Chain of Survival > Importance of Each Link in the Chain of Survival; page 8] American Heart Association Basic Life Support Exam B February 16, 2016 © 2016 American Heart Association Basic Life Support Exam B (25 questions) Please do not mark on this exam. Record the best answer on the separate answer sheet. 1. When performing CPR on an unresponsive choking victim, what modification should you incorporate? A. Each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object B. There are no modifications to CPR for an unresponsive choking victim C. Attempt a jaw thrust instead of a head tilt‒chin lift D. You do not give breaths to an unresponsive choking victim 2. “Members of the team know their boundaries and ask for help before the resuscitation attempt worsens.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Summarizing and reevaluation B. Knowledge sharing C. Knowing your limitations D. Constructive intervention 3. Rapid defibrillation is a link in the adult Chain of Survival. Why is this important to survival? A. It prevents respiratory arrest B. It eliminates the abnormal heart rhythm C. It prevents cardiac arrest D. It provides normal respiration 4. Why is allowing complete chest recoil important when performing high-quality CPR? A. The heart will adequately refill between compressions B. There will be a reduction of rescuer fatigue C. The rate of chest compressions will increase D. It will reduce the risk of rib fractures Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. 5. Which action is most likely to positively impact this victim’s survival? A. Ensuring scene safety B. Providing rescue breaths C. Checking the pulse frequently D. Performing high-quality CPR 6. You and another rescuer begin CPR. After a few cycles, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. What should you say to offer constructive feedback? A. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 100 per minute.” B. “You need to compress at a rate of 80 to 120 per minute.” C. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 120 per minute.” D. “You need to compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.” 7. You witness someone suddenly collapse. The person is unresponsive, you hear gasping sounds, and there is no pulse. What should you do next? A. Give rescue breaths only; the gasps are not normal breathing B. Begin CPR; the gasps are not normal breathing C. Begin CPR, even though gasping is normal breathing D. Monitor the patient; the gasps are considered normal breathing Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. 8. You have determined that the infant is responsive and choking with a severe airway obstruction. How do you relieve the airway obstruction? A. Give abdominal thrusts B. Encourage the infant to cough C. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts D. Begin 2 thumb‒encircling hands chest compressions 9. Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant? A. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts B. Perform CPR, and look in the mouth for the obstructing object C. Attempt a blind finger sweep when giving breaths to remove the obstructing object D. Give sets of 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back slaps 10. How do you perform chest compressions when providing high-quality CPR to a child victim? A. By compressing the chest at least one fourth the depth of the chest, about 1.5 inches (4 cm) B. By compressing the chest at least two thirds the depth of the chest, about 4 inches (10 cm) C. By compressing the chest at least one half the depth of the chest, about 3 inches (8 cm) D. By compressing the chest at least one third the depth of the chest, about 2 inches (5 cm) Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED. 11. When the AED arrives, what is the first step for using it? A. Turn on the AED B. Apply the pads to the patient’s chest C. Press the shock button D. Clear the patient 12. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, the AED detects ventricular fibrillation. What is the next step when using an AED? A. Press the shock button B. Clear the patient C. Follow the AED prompts D. Check the victim for a carotid pulse 13. While performing high-quality CPR on an adult, what action should you ensure is being accomplished? A. Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches B. Maintaining a compression rate of 90 to 120/min C. Placing hands on the upper third of the sternum D. Allowing the chest to recoil 1 inch 14. “The team functions smoothly when all team members know their positions, functions, and tasks during a resuscitation attempt.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Knowing your limitations B. Mutual respect C. Clear roles and responsibilities D. Constructive intervention 15. A victim with a foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What is your first course of action? A. Roll the victim over and perform back blows B. Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions C. Perform blind finger sweeps D. Perform abdominal thrusts Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response system. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional rescuers arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt. 16. What actions should occur next, to support a team-based resuscitation attempt? A. 1 rescuer gives CPR while the other 2 wait for advanced life support to arrive B. 2 rescuers alternate using the AED and giving breaths C. 2 rescuers operate the AED while the third rescuer gives breaths D. 2 rescuers alternate giving high-quality chest compressions 17. Two rescuers begin high-quality CPR while the third rescuer leaves to get the AED. What action supports 2-rescuer CPR? A. Alternating giving shocks every 3 cycles B. Alternating giving rescue breaths every 3 cycles C. Alternating the compressor role every 2 minutes D. Alternating the AED role every 2 minutes 18. What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water? A. Pull the victim out of the water, but do not use the AED B. Pull the victim out of the water, and wipe the chest C. Do not pull the victim out of the water, but wipe the chest before placing pads D. Do not move the victim, and do not use the AED 19. What ratio for compressions to breaths should be used for 1-rescuer infant CPR? A. 30 compressions to 2 breaths B. 15 compressions to 2 breaths C. 20 compressions to 2 breaths D. 5 compressions to 1 breath Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer begin performing high-quality CPR. 20. When should rescuers switch positions during CPR? A. Switch rescuers at 5-minute intervals B. Never switch rescuers, and maintain current roles C. Switch rescuers when placing the AED pads D. Switch rescuers about every 2 minutes 21. You notice the person giving chest compressions is not allowing for complete chest recoil. What is your next course of action? A. Tell the compressor you notice decreased chest recoil B. Stand back and await direction from the team leader C. Take over leadership and give direction D. Immediately take over chest compressions 22. Why is defibrillation important? A. It is not important for cardiac arrest B. It prevents rearrest from occurring C. It can restore a regular cardiac rhythm D. There is a 100% success rate in regaining a normal cardiac rhythm 23. Which victim requires high-quality CPR? A. A victim who is responsive, has a pulse, and is having trouble breathing B. A victim who is unresponsive, has a strong pulse, and is breathing adequately C. A victim who is responsive, is having trouble breathing, and has a pulse less than 60/min D. A victim who is unresponsive with no normal breathing and no pulse 24. What is a consideration when you are using an AED? A. On a hairy chest, the pads may not stick and may fail to deliver a shock B. You should never remove a transdermal medication patch before applying AED pads C. You should not use an AED on someone with an implanted pacemaker D. AEDs can be used while a victim is submerged in water 25. How can rescuers ensure that they are providing effective breaths when using a bag-mask device? A. Delivering breaths quickly and forcefully B. Observing the chest rise with breaths C. Allowing air to release around the mask D. Always having oxygen attached to the bag 6 Annotated Answer Key Basic Life Support Exam B Provider Manual page numbers below refer to the printed book and the eBook as viewed through the offline desktop/laptop reader, not the eBook as viewed through the mobile apps or ebooks.heart.org. 1. When performing CPR on an unresponsive choking victim, what modification should you incorporate? A. Each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object B. There are no modifications to CPR for an unresponsive choking victim C. Attempt a jaw thrust instead of a head tilt‒chin lift D. You do not give breaths to an unresponsive choking victim The correct answer is A. Each time you open the airway to give breaths, open the victim’s mouth wide and look for the object. If you see an object that can be easily removed, remove it with your fingers. If you do not see an object, continue CPR. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Adult or Child; page 74] 2. “Members of the team know their boundaries and ask for help before the resuscitation attempt worsens.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Summarizing and reevaluation B. Knowledge sharing C. Knowing your limitations D. Constructive intervention The correct answer is C. Every member on the team should know his or her limitations, and the team leader should be aware of them. Each team member should ask for assistance and advice early, not when the situation starts to get worse. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Knowing Your Limitations; page 43] 3. Rapid defibrillation is a link in the adult Chain of Survival. Why is this important to survival? A. It prevents respiratory arrest B. It eliminates the abnormal heart rhythm C. It prevents cardiac arrest D. It provides normal respiration The correct answer is B. An AED can help terminate an abnormal rhythm and restore a regular heart rhythm. When used in combination with high-quality CPR, an AED can double (or triple) the chances of survival. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 1: General Concepts > The Chain of Survival > Importance of Each Link in the Chain of Survival; page 8] 4. Why is allowing complete chest recoil important when performing high-quality CPR? A. The heart will adequately refill between compressions B. There will be a reduction of rescuer fatigue C. The rate of chest compressions will increase D. It will reduce the risk of rib fractures The correct answer is A. Allowing complete chest recoil (between compressions) permits blood to flow into the heart. Incomplete chest recoil is inefficient because it reduces the blood flow created by chest compressions. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Chest Compressions > Foundational Facts: Chest Recoil; page 20] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. 5. Which action is most likely to positively impact this victim’s survival? A. Ensuring scene safety B. Providing rescue breaths C. Checking the pulse frequently D. Performing high-quality CPR The correct answer is D. Performing high-quality CPR has been shown to improve a victim’s chances of survival. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 1: General Concepts > High-Quality CPR; page 3] 6. You and another rescuer begin CPR. After a few cycles, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. What should you say to offer constructive feedback? A. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 100 per minute.” B. “You need to compress at a rate of 80 to 120 per minute.” C. “You need to compress at a rate of at least 120 per minute.” D. “You need to compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.” The correct answer is D. Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. In this case, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. You should remind the other rescuer that a compression rate of 100 to 120/min should be used. Any person on the team should stop someone else from making a mistake, regardless of his or her role on the team. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Constructive Intervention; page 43] 7. You witness someone suddenly collapse. The person is unresponsive, you hear gasping sounds, and there is no pulse. What should you do next? A. Give rescue breaths only; the gasps are not normal breathing B. Begin CPR; the gasps are not normal breathing C. Begin CPR, even though gasping is normal breathing D. Monitor the patient; the gasps are considered normal breathing The correct answer is B. The gasps described in this question are most likely agonal gasps. Agonal gasps are not considered normal breathing and are a sign of cardiac arrest. High-quality CPR should be started immediately. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 1-Rescuer BLS Sequence > Caution: Agonal Gasps; page 17] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. 8. You have determined that the infant is responsive and choking with a severe airway obstruction. How do you relieve the airway obstruction? A. Give abdominal thrusts B. Encourage the infant to cough C. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts D. Begin 2 thumb‒encircling hands chest compressions The correct answer is C. To relieve choking in a responsive infant, give alternating sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in Infants > Choking Relief in a Responsive Infant; page 75] 9. Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive infant? A. Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts B. Perform CPR, and look in the mouth for the obstructing object C. Attempt a blind finger sweep when giving breaths to remove the obstructing object D. Give sets of 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back slaps The correct answer is B. If an infant victim becomes unresponsive, stop giving back slaps and begin CPR, starting with compressions. Additionally, each time you open the airway, look for the obstructing object in the back of the throat. If you see an object and can easily remove it, remove it. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Infant; page 75] 10. How do you perform chest compressions when providing high-quality CPR to a child victim? A. By compressing the chest at least one fourth the depth of the chest, about 1.5 inches (4 cm) B. By compressing the chest at least two thirds the depth of the chest, about 4 inches (10 cm) C. By compressing the chest at least one half the depth of the chest, about 3 inches (8 cm) D. By compressing the chest at least one third the depth of the chest, about 2 inches (5 cm) The correct answer is D. The correct compression depth for a child victim is at least one third the AP diameter of the chest, or about 2 inches (5 cm). [BLS Provider Manual, Part 5: BLS for Infants and Children > Infant and Child Chest Compressions > Foundational Facts: Compression Depth in Adults vs Children and Infants; page 52] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED. 11. When the AED arrives, what is the first step for using it? A. Turn on the AED B. Apply the pads to the patient’s chest C. Press the shock button D. Clear the patient The correct answer is A. The first step for using an AED (when it becomes available) is to power on the AED if needed. Some devices will power on automatically when you open the lid or case. Because AEDs vary according to the model and manufacturer, it is important to become familiar with the AED used in your particular setting. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Using the AED > Universal Steps for Operating an AED; page 35] 12. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, the AED detects ventricular fibrillation. What is the next step when using an AED? A. Press the shock button B. Clear the patient C. Follow the AED prompts D. Check the victim for a carotid pulse The correct answer is C. After the AED pads are attached to the victim’s bare chest, you should follow the AED prompts. The AED will analyze the victim’s heart rhythm and prompt you to deliver a shock if needed. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Using the AED > Universal Steps for Operating an AED; page 35] 13. While performing high-quality CPR on an adult, what action should you ensure is being accomplished? A. Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches B. Maintaining a compression rate of 90 to 120/min C. Placing hands on the upper third of the sternum D. Allowing the chest to recoil 1 inch The correct answer is A. When performing chest compressions on an adult (or adolescent), a compression depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) should be used. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Chest Compressions; page 19] 14. “The team functions smoothly when all team members know their positions, functions, and tasks during a resuscitation attempt.” Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed. A. Knowing your limitations B. Mutual respect C. Clear roles and responsibilities D. Constructive intervention The correct answer is C. During a resuscitation attempt, clear roles and responsibilities should be defined as soon as possible. The team leader’s role is to clearly define and delegate tasks according to each team member’s skill level. When all team members know their jobs and responsibilities, the team functions more smoothly. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Clear Roles and Responsibilities; page 42] 15. A victim with a foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What is your first course of action? A. Roll the victim over and perform back blows B. Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions C. Perform blind finger sweeps D. Perform abdominal thrusts The correct answer is B. Choking victims with severe airway obstruction may worsen and become unresponsive. If this occurs, then high-quality CPR must be started immediately, beginning with chest compressions. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 9: Choking Relief for Adults, Children, and Infants > Choking Relief in an Unresponsive Adult or Child; page 73] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response system. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional rescuers arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt. 16. What actions should occur next, to support a team-based resuscitation attempt? A. 1 rescuer gives CPR while the other 2 wait for advanced life support to arrive B. 2 rescuers alternate using the AED and giving breaths C. 2 rescuers operate the AED while the third rescuer gives breaths D. 2 rescuers alternate giving high-quality chest compressions The correct answer is D. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) or sooner if needed. To minimize interruptions in compressions, perform the switch when the AED is analyzing the rhythm. Take less than 5 seconds to switch. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer Sequence > Team Roles and Duties for 2-Rescuer CPR > Foundational Facts: Effective Team Performance to Minimize Interruptions in Compressions; page 30] 17. Two rescuers begin high-quality CPR while the third rescuer leaves to get the AED. What action supports 2-rescuer CPR? A. Alternating giving shocks every 3 cycles B. Alternating giving rescue breaths every 3 cycles C. Alternating the compressor role every 2 minutes D. Alternating the AED role every 2 minutes The correct answer is C. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) or sooner if needed. To minimize interruptions in compressions, perform the switch when the AED is analyzing the rhythm. Take less than 5 seconds to switch. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer Sequence > Team Roles and Duties for 2-Rescuer CPR > Foundational Facts: Effective Team Performance to Minimize Interruptions in Compressions; page 30] 18. What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water? A. Pull the victim out of the water, but do not use the AED B. Pull the victim out of the water, and wipe the chest C. Do not pull the victim out of the water, but wipe the chest before placing pads D. Do not move the victim, and do not use the AED The correct answer is B. Special situations may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing AED pads for a victim who is immersed in water. In this case, the victim should be pulled out of the water. If the chest is covered with some water, it should be quickly wiped before attaching the AED pads. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Special Circumstances > Water; page 39] 19. What ratio for compressions to breaths should be used for 1-rescuer infant CPR? A. 30 compressions to 2 breaths B. 15 compressions to 2 breaths C. 20 compressions to 2 breaths D. 5 compressions to 1 breath The correct answer is A. For 1-rescuer infant CPR, the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 5: BLS for Infants and Children > Infant/Child Chest Compressions > Compression Rate and Compression-to-Ventilation Ratio; page 49] Use this scenario to answer the next 2 questions: A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer begin performing high-quality CPR. 20. When should rescuers switch positions during CPR? A. Switch rescuers at 5-minute intervals B. Never switch rescuers, and maintain current roles C. Switch rescuers when placing the AED pads D. Switch rescuers about every 2 minutes The correct answer is D. Rescuers should switch compressors frequently (about every 2 minutes, typically when the AED is analyzing the rhythm) so that CPR quality is not reduced because of fatigue. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult 2-Rescuer BLS Sequence > Critical Concepts: High-Performance Teams; page 29] 21. You notice the person giving chest compressions is not allowing for complete chest recoil. What is your next course of action? A. Tell the compressor you notice decreased chest recoil B. Stand back and await direction from the team leader C. Take over leadership and give direction D. Immediately take over chest compressions The correct answer is A. Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or inappropriate. In this case, complete chest recoil is not occurring; therefore, the next course of action would be to notify the compressor of this. Any person on the team should stop someone else from making a mistake, regardless of his or her role on the team. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 4: Team Dynamics > Elements of Effective Team Dynamics > Roles During a Resuscitation Attempt > Constructive Intervention; page 43] 22. Why is defibrillation important? A. It is not important for cardiac arrest B. It prevents rearrest from occurring C. It can restore a regular cardiac rhythm D. There is a 100% success rate in regaining a normal cardiac rhythm The correct answer is C. An AED can identify an abnormal heart rhythm that needs a shock. The AED can then deliver a shock that can convert a rhythm back to normal. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > General Concepts > Foundational Facts: Defibrillation; page 35] 23. Which victim requires high-quality CPR? A. A victim who is responsive, has a pulse, and is having trouble breathing B. A victim who is unresponsive, has a strong pulse, and is breathing adequately C. A victim who is responsive, is having trouble breathing, and has a pulse less than 60/min D. A victim who is unresponsive with no normal breathing and no pulse The correct answer is D. A victim who is unresponsive, is not breathing, and has no pulse requires high-quality CPR. Starting high-quality CPR immediately after cardiac arrest can greatly improve a victim’s chance of survival. An AED should be used as soon as it becomes available. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > BLS Healthcare Provider Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm; page 15] 24. What is a consideration when you are using an AED? A. On a hairy chest, the pads may not stick and may fail to deliver a shock B. You should never remove a transdermal medication patch before applying AED pads C. You should not use an AED on someone with an implanted pacemaker D. AEDs can be used while a victim is submerged in water The correct answer is A. Special situations may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing AED pads on a victim who has a hairy chest. In this case, the AED pads may stick to the hair and not to the skin on the chest, making it difficult to analyze the victim’s heart rhythm and deliver a shock (if needed). Most AED kits contain a razor for this reason. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 3: Automated External Defibrillator for Adults and Children 8 Years of Age and Older > Special Circumstances > Hairy Chest; page 39] 25. How can rescuers ensure that they are providing effective breaths when using a bag-mask device? A. Delivering breaths quickly and forcefully B. Observing the chest rise with breaths C. Allowing air to release around the mask D. Always having oxygen attached to the bag The correct answer is B. Squeeze the bag to give breaths (1 second each) while watching for chest rise. Deliver each breath over 1 second, with or without supplementary oxygen. [BLS Provider Manual, Part 2: BLS for Adults > Adult Breaths > Bag-Mask Devices > Bag-Mask Ventilation Technique (1 Rescuer); page 26]