Question : 41.The apparent reason that McClelland’s training programs to increase achievement : 1303000

41.The apparent reason that McClelland’s training programs to increase achievement needs failed in Mexico and India is that _____.

a.evidence shows that there is no way to change an individual’s perceived need for achievement

b.the collectivist societies of the trainees did not provide the social support needed to sustain their training (page 127, moderate)

c.the personalities of the particular trainees chosen were too individualistic to benefit from the training

d.the training inadvertently promoted attitudes which those cultures perceived as focused on affiliation, not on achievement

42.Studies of the need for achievement among actual and aspiring Russian entrepreneurs in the 1990s found that _____.

a.Russians had an unusually weak need for achievement

b.achievement-oriented people were criticized for being too individualistic and for being antisocial enemies of the people (page 128, difficult)

c.individual initiative has traditionally been a highly valued trait

d.Russians responded very favorably to highly visible rewards and status symbols

43.Because research has found that achievement motivation is strongly associated with greater individualism, _____.

a.McClelland’s theory would likely be least useful in the Anglo-American countries and former colonies

b.rewards in all cultures should be tied to long term goals, position, and proper behavior

c.managers should make a greater effort to translate the word “achievement” into languages other than English

d.motivation in collectivist cultures may need to focus on achieving as members of a group or team (page 128, moderate)

44.Fundamental to understanding Reinforcement Theory or OBMOD is that people learn how to behave based upon the _____.

a.achievement orientation of their society

b.rewards that they have been promised as incentives

c.consequences that resulted from their previous behavior (page 129, moderate)

d.fact that all societies view the desirability of specific rewards in pretty much the same way

45.Reinforcement Theory may not be a successful explanation of behavior in cultures where people believe that _____.

a.what happens to them is largely a result of their own decisions

b.rewards should be based on the status that results from personal characteristics (page 130, easy)

c.status and rewards should be related to individual achievement

d.the specific rewards being offered are highly valued

46.All of the following are essential to the Goal Setting Theory of motivation, except that goals _____.

a.should be difficult but attainable

b.are inherently motivating

c.should be general rather than specific (page 130, moderate)

d.become more meaningful when effective feedback is provided

47.In some cultures, the motivational effectiveness of goal setting may be determined by _____.

a.who sets the goals, if the goals are to be set for them

b.how much the group participated in setting goals, especially in collectivist cultures

c.the amount of group participation, especially when power distance is low

d.all of the above (page 130, easy)

e.none of the above

48.An important part of goal setting is the concept of _____, the individual’s beliefs about personal ability to perform tasks.

a.self-determination

b.self-efficacy (page 131, moderate)

c.instrumentality

d.expectancy

49.The key concepts in the Expectancy Theory of motivation include all of the following, except _____.

a.equity (page 131, easy)

b.expectancy

c.instrumentality

d.expectancy

50.Which of the following best describes the cross-cultural validity of Expectancy Theory?

a.It has received some research support from tests in the US. (pages 131-2, moderate)

b.It has proved most accurate in explaining the behavior of people with an external locus of control.

c.It is highly compatible with Muslim beliefs.

d.It is incompatible with cultures that emphasize internal attribution.

51.The motivational meaning of the Japanese saying “The nail that sticks up gets hammered down” is that _____.

a.individual initiative is the key to productivity and organizational success

b.high-context, collectivist cultures enjoy hard work for its own sake

c.no individual should stand out from the group (page 133, easy)

d.shoe-sock sorcery causes the disease known as “red-eye”

52.The three key concepts that emerged from the Meaning of Work (MOW) study include _____, meaning the degree of general importance and value attributed to the role of working in one’s life.

a.instrumental attribution

b.societal norms about working

c.work centrality (page 135, easy)

d.work goals

53.According to the MOW study, the US is a good example of a society that strongly supports the _____ norm.

a.obligation (page 137, moderate)

b.expectancy

c.entitlement

d.centrality

54.According to the MOW study, _____ very consistently ranked high among the alternative work goals.

a.good physical working conditions

b.opportunity to learn new things

c.interesting work (pages 137-9, including Table 7-1, moderate)

d.good job security