Question : 81.Diane sitting in her eighth grade class and, unlike her : 1245387

81.Diane is sitting in her eighth grade class and, unlike her classmates, is working quietly and doing her assignment. The teacher is constantly scolding the other students to sit down, be quiet, and get to work. “Diane,” the teacher calls out, “thank you for cooperating and for working so hard.” Diane’s enjoyment of this “good girl” praise might reflect the ________ substage of Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development.

a.universal ethical standardsc.instrumental orientation

b.interpersonal normsd.social systems morality

82.When Nicholas and Sanjay are debating whether or not to steal a cool car they just found, Nicholas says, “It’s wrong to steal the car because there are laws against stealing, and no one is above the law.” This type of thinking best fits with Kohlberg’s _____ substage of conventional morality.

a.universal ethical standardsc.instrumental orientation

b.interpersonal normsd.social systems morality

83.Substage 1 of conventional morality is to ________ as substage 2 of conventional morality is to ________.

a.interpersonal norms; social systems morality

b.an obedience orientation; an instrumental orientation

c.social contract; justice, compassion, and equality

d.early childhood; adolescence

84.At the postconventional level of moral reasoning, Kohlberg believes that decisions about right and wrong are based on a ________ moral code.

a.societalc.universal

b.personald.parental

85.Kenny is taking his 12-year-old daughter, Nikki, to the hospital late one night after she fell out of bed and cut her head. She is holding a bloody towel to the gash on her forehead as Kenny sits waiting at a red traffic light. He checks oncoming traffic, sees that there are no cars coming in either direction, and decides to drive through the red light to get her to the hospital faster. This decision to break a well-understood rule of driving reflects the _________ substage of postconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory.

a.social contractc.universal ethics

b.social systems moralityd.instrumental orientation

86.A very controversial topic in many countries is that of one’s “right to die” and their right to have a physician assist them in committing suicide. Proponents of physician-assisted suicide might say, “We each have the right to decide for ourselves when we want to die, and if a physician can make that process less painful then we should have that privilege.” This sort of thinking might best reflect the ________ level of morality in Kohlberg’s theory.

a.postconventionalc.postformal

b.conventionald.social contract

87.Which of the following historical figures is noted by your textbook as an example of an individual who clearly moved through all three stages of Kohlberg’s theory over the course of his or her lifetime?

a.Winston Churchillc.Joan of Arc

b.Oskar Schindlerd.Theodore Roosevelt

88.What does research consistently find about the six stages of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg?

a.All of the stages are encountered by most people, but in varying sequences.

b.Virtually no individuals skip stages.

c.Males tend to make it to stage 6 of the theory, but females generally stop developing at stage 4 or 5.

d.Females tend to make it to stage 6 of the theory, but males generally stop developing at stage 4 or 5.

89.In support of Kohlberg’s theory of the development of morality, research has found that individuals at ________ are compelled by internal factors to behave in a moral manner.

a.early levelsc.intermediate levels

b.advanced levelsd.all levels

90.Some have criticized Kohlberg’s theory because it places an emphasis on ________, which reflects traditional American culture and Judeo-Christian values.

a.relationships between individualsc.empathy and sympathy

b.justice and individual rightsd.dominance hierarchies