51.
Don is beginning to understand how his culture classifies males and females. Based upon this knowledge, Don is developing patterns of behavior based upon his organized knowledge of male-appropriate and female-appropriate behavior. According to Bem, the patterns of behavior that Don is beginning to develop are organized around
A.
sexism schema.
B.
gender constancy.
C.
gender schema.
D.
gender identity.
52.
According to traditional social learning theory, children acquire gender roles by observing models. Children then
A.
pick models that are powerful and nurturing.
B.
always pick the same-sex parent.
C.
avoid patterning themselves after peers.
D.
focus only on indirect teaching by parents.
53.
Social learning theory holds that a child identifies with a parent
A.
as a consequence of the phallic stage.
B.
after resolving the Electra or Oedipus complex.
C.
through observation and imitation, along with reinforcement.
D.
because of guilt associated with the stereotyping from parents.
54.
Some studies have found that parents affect children’s knowledge about gender more than their gender
A.
identity.
B.
schemas.
C.
behavior.
D.
constancy.
55.
Billy sees his father working with power tools. As a consequence, Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself, and he perceives this kind of work to be “masculine.” The sequence of events is consistent with the ___________________ theory of identification.
A.
psychoanalytic
B.
gender-constancy
C.
social learning
D.
gender stereotyping
56.
With regard to the social learning theory of gender-typing, research has indicated that
A.
boys do not imitate their mothers, only their fathers.
B.
most parents punish fighting and reward helpfulness in girls but not in boys.
C.
children imitate their parents as well as many other adults.
D.
children are more resistant to their parents than to other adults.
57.
In socializing children, parents generally
A.
treat boys and girls about the same until age 2 or 3.
B.
give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles.
C.
show less tolerance for “tomboys” than for “sissies.”
D.
have little influence on gender-role development.
58.
____________ are most likely to encourage ____________ to engage in gender-type activities appropriate for their sex.
A.
Mothers; sons
B.
Fathers; sons
C.
Mothers; daughters
D.
Fathers; daughters
59.
Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing?
A.
Leila, whose mother works full time outside the home
B.
Jim, who lives with his divorced mother
C.
Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls
D.
Marla, whose father includes his wife in all major decisions
60.
In egalitarian households, the _____________ role in gender socialization seems especially important.
A.
father’s
B.
mother’s
C.
neighbors’
D.
None of these
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