41.
According to research, the most influential individual in a child’s life in terms of influencing gender-typing is
A.
the father.
B.
the mother.
C.
a sister.
D.
a brother.
42.
Gary’s dad frowns when Gary picks up his sister’s doll and starts to play with it. His dad’s reaction is likely to influence Gary’s
A.
gender-typing.
B.
gender constancy.
C.
gender knowledge.
D.
gender cycle.
43.
Freud referred to the adoption of the characteristics, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex as
A.
gender identity.
B.
gender-typing.
C.
identification.
D.
androgyny.
44.
Jessica imitates her mother’s gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this?
A.
Identification
B.
Reinforcement
C.
Role conflict
D.
Gender constancy
45.
According to Kohlberg, children learn their gender through
A.
identification with the same-sex parent.
B.
imitation of adult models, reinforcement for acceptable behaviors, and punishment for socially inappropriate behaviors.
C.
their own active mental classification and organization of behavior to be consistent with that cognitive image.
D.
maturation and hormonal changes due to puberty.
46.
Brooke becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy. Kohlberg would say that she has developed
A.
gender awareness.
B.
gender constancy.
C.
penis envy.
D.
gender stability.
47.
Tina realizes that she will never be a boy. According to Kohlberg, she has developed
A.
identification.
B.
gender awareness.
C.
gender stability.
D.
penis envy.
48.
Danielle knows that she is a girl, but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father. “I will, too!” she cries. According to cognitive-developmental theory, she has not yet achieved
A.
gender stereotyping.
B.
gender constancy.
C.
gender stability.
D.
an Electra complex.
49.
Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg’s views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?
A.
A young boy has acquired gender constancy and refuses to play dolls with his sister.
B.
A young girl has not yet achieved gender constancy and claims to want to be a daddy when she grows up.
C.
A young boy has not yet achieved gender identity, and when asked if he is a boy or girl, he says he doesn’t know.
D.
A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.
50.
According to Sandra Bem’s gender-schema theory, how do children adopt gender-appropriate behavior?
A.
Through identification with their same-sex parent after resolution of sexual conflict
B.
As a result of imitation and reinforcement
C.
As a by-product of achieving gender constancy
D.
By following society’s behaviors that are matched to their gender
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