21. "She did WHAT?" your roommate exclaims as you relate an anecdote about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _____ memory.
A. working
B. sensory
C. semantic
D. long-term
22. On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in:
A. long-term memory.
B. working memory.
C. sensory memory.
D. procedural memory.
23. As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head, the numbers you are manipulating are in your _____ memory, and the multiplication tables you are drawing on are in _____ memory.
A. working; long-term
B. working; sensory
C. long-term; working
D. sensory; working
24. Which of the following statements is true of working memory?
A. Sensory memory is referred to as working memory.
B. Working memory avoids the use of cognitive resources of information.
C. Working memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve.
D. Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.
25. Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory?
A. Working memory is the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant.
B. Working memory uses cognitive resources during its operation which makes us less aware of our surroundings.
C. Stress can increase the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.
D. Working memory is a set of permanent memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.
26. Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity?
A. Stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory.
B. Stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally.
C. Stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically.
D. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.
27. The distinction between long- and short-term memory:
A. is somewhat artificial.
B. has failed to gain empirical support in memory research.
C. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.
D. is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory.
28. Our ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is the _____ effect.
A. serial position
B. list memory
C. cereal position
D. item order
29. The primacy effect refers to the fact that:
A. the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items.
B. items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.
C. items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier.
D. those items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.
30. "Cat food, cola, toothpaste." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get to ready to leave to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix." You forget a couple of things, but you do manage to get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.
A. primacy
B. recency
C. serial memory
D. item order
