Dq4 topic: opioid receptors – signaling against pain always with

Topic: Opioid Receptors – Signaling against pain always with pleasure?

This week you learned about the concept of receptors, GTP-binding  proteins and different signal transduction pathways operating in cells.  As you work on this week’s discussion board assignment, consider the  following.  
Chronic pain is one of the most common reasons adults  seek medical care. The condition has been linked to restrictions in  mobility and daily activities, anxiety and depression and often to  dependence on opioids. According to a 2016 CDC analysis of National  Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, an estimated 20.4% (50.0 million)  of U.S. adults had chronic pain and 8.0% of U.S. adults (19.6 million)  had high-impact chronic pain. Opioid-based medications have been used by  man as an analgesic and euphoric for over 5000 years of which morphine  is the most widely known and used. Morphine and the other opioids  codeine, papaverine and thebaine are extracted from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum.  All four natural opioids bind to different opioid receptors which are  distributed throughout the central nervous system and also within  peripheral tissue of neural and non-neural origin. All opioids (natural  or synthetic) used in clinical practice today to reduce pain exert their  action at the MOP receptor. However, some have additional activities  most namely reduction in conscious level and euphoria, making them drugs  of abuse.

This week I want you to read the following scientific review article  (Pathan H. & Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br.  J. Pain 6(1): 11-16 (2012) and do some research on NCBI PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) on this week’s topic and discuss the following aspects with your class mates:

  1. How many receptors have been found for opioids? What are their names?
  2. How do those opioid receptors differ? Which components do they share?
  3. What is known about the intracellular signaling pathways of those opioid receptors?
  4. In which way might increased knowledge about the intracellular  signaling components of the opioid receptor help to develop new  generations of analgesics without addictive properties?

Be sure to include all references at the end of your initial posting  to receive full credit. These posts need to be a couple of paragraphs  and should not exceed a page (minimum of 250 words required for full  credit of original post).  You must write at least 250 words to one page and include details in your original 

Place your order
(550 words)

Approximate price: $22

Calculate the price of your order

550 words
We'll send you the first draft for approval by September 11, 2018 at 10:52 AM
Total price:
$26
The price is based on these factors:
Academic level
Number of pages
Urgency
Basic features
  • Free title page and bibliography
  • Unlimited revisions
  • Plagiarism-free guarantee
  • Money-back guarantee
  • 24/7 support
On-demand options
  • Writer’s samples
  • Part-by-part delivery
  • Overnight delivery
  • Copies of used sources
  • Expert Proofreading
Paper format
  • 275 words per page
  • 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman
  • Double line spacing
  • Any citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard)

Our guarantees

Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.

Money-back guarantee

You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.

Read more

Zero-plagiarism guarantee

Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.

Read more

Free-revision policy

Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.

Read more

Privacy policy

Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.

Read more

Fair-cooperation guarantee

By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.

Read more