Psy 319 discussion 2 responses

For your
response posts, do the following:

· Reply to at least
two classmates outside of your own initial post thread.

· In Module One, complete your two response posts by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. Eastern.

· In Modules Two through Eight, complete your two response posts by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. of your local time zone.

· Demonstrate more depth and thought than saying things like “I agree” or “You are wrong.” Guidance is provided for you in the discussion prompt.

WRITTEN BY: Stephanie Durham

Emotion regulation is when one can manage one’s emotional experiences to adapt to one’s daily environment. “Emotion regulation is the ability to manage one’s emotional experiences to engage adaptively within the daily environment (
Shields & Cicchetti, 1998). This includes regulating the experience of emotion by monitoring one’s expressive behavior (Saarni, 1984). Emotion regulation is important because empirical evidence shows that a child’s ability to regulate his or her own emotional state is essential in the formation of positive peer relationships (
Eisenberg et al., 1993; Fabes et al., 1999)”. When a child likes to pretend play they are displaying emotional regulation meaning that they are in there own world and are controlling the emotions they are displaying.

Emotional regulation is when a child began to develop different emotions in there life from a young age such as happiness, fear, joy, anger, surprise, along with interest. As they get older they began to show shame, compassion, envy, and even embarrassment and even guilt, this shows that a child has accepted behavioral standards and be able to use them in there everyday life, by them having self control of there emotions they are showing that they can control themselves in certain environments that they are in or even certain situations that they are in.

For example the movie Toy Story shows the story of Andy who pretends play with his toy’s never knowing that his toys are alive but in Andy’s mind they are alive he displays different emotions when playing with each of his toys for Woody he pretends that he is a sheriff that makes sure that people are safe, when it came to Buzz he pretended that he was a spaceman saving a galaxy, rex he pretended was a dinosaur trying to eat everything, Hamm was an evil henchmen, slinky dog was Woody’s partner and Bo peep was someone who needed saving from Hamm. By Andy using pretend play he displayed different emotions by portraying the different character’s of his toy, what they sound like, and how they act when he is playing with them, he was in control of his emotions that he was displaying in the environment that he was in his home.

The strength of emotion regulation is that children who engaged in pretend play with their parents more often were found to have higher ratings of emotion regulation.
Lindsey and Colwell’s (2003) study found that children who engaged in high levels of play were rated by their mothers to have better emotional understanding. Girls who engaged in high levels of pretend play were also rated as having better emotion regulation and emotional competence with peers, while this pattern was not found for boys.

The limitations of emotion regulation is that both male and female children might yield a different pattern of results, especially with regard to the correlations between pretend play and emotion regulation given the findings of
Lindsey and Colwell (2003) in which play related to emotional competence differently for male and female preschoolers.

References

Shields, A., & Ciccetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology

Saarni, C. (1984). An observational study of children’s attempts to monitor their expressive behavior. Child Development,

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bernzwieg, J., Karbon, M., Poulin, R., & Hanish, L. (1993). The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschooler’s social skills and sociometric status.

Lindsey, E. W., & Colwell, M. J. (2003). Preschoolers’ emotional competence: Links to pretend and physical play.

WRITTEN BY: ARRIELLE ROBERTSON

The research article “Pretend Play, Creativity, and Emotion Regulation in Children” by Hoffmann and Russ (2011) explores the correlating factors between children’s pretend play, emotional regulation and creativity. The researcher’s discovered through their studies of storytelling and divergent thinking that there is a prominent correlation between a child’s creativity, pretend play and their ability to self-regulate their emotions. According to Hoffmann & Russ (2012), “Children who exhibit more imagination and affect in pretend play tend to be better divergent thinkers and to be better able to self-regulate” (p. 177). The researcher’s utilized an Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), which is a scaling questionnaire composed of 24 questions, and is given to the parents to complete on behalf of their child. The researchers also utilized an Affect in Play Scale (APS), which was conducted through a five-minute observation of the child after being given the task to play with puppets and blocks.

The multitude of testing utilized in this study was a strength of the study as it allowed the researchers further insight into a child’s pretend play, creativity and its correlation with emotional regulation. However, the study had some significant limitations that should be taken into consideration, as well. The first limitation I noticed was the utilization of the ERC, due to the fact the child’s parent may have answered the questionnaire bias to receive a favorable scoring. The next limitation I noticed in the study was the group of children being studied was extremely exclusive. The study group consisted of strictly female children, who had all previously passed an assessment to attend a private school. So, as you can imagine, the results of this study may not apply to male children or even children being raised in a low-income household.

Reference

Hoffmann, J., & Russ, S. (2012). Pretend play, creativity, and emotion regulation in children. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(2), 175–184.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026299

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July 1, 2023

Watch video entitled “Module 6 – Discrete-Time Signals in MATLAB”
Work the lab activity below using MATLAB.
Include answers for Problems and include MATLAB coding along with any output plots that support solutions into a Word document entitled “Lab6_StudentID”. Where your student id is substituted in the file name.
Upload file “Lab6_StudentID”.

Activity 1:

A discrete-time system can be described in one of two ways. One is by the unit-pulse response of the system, and the other is by the difference equation. In the first case, if we are given an input and want to find the output, we have to convolve the system response with the input signal. In the second case, we have to solve the difference equation for the output when the input signal is substituted into the difference equation. The result should be the same no matter what approach is used.

A discrete-time system has the following unit-pulse response:

for

Correspondingly, the following difference equation describes the behavior of the system:

Use the Matlab command conv to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Consider . Show what you type into the Matlab command window. Also, submit a plot of the output. Be sure to label your axes.

Matlab Tip: Remember that you can easily get help on a command in Matlab by typing help with the command at the prompt:

EDU>>help conv

Matlab Tip: Also, don't forget that in Matlab when you do certain operations on an array element-by-element, you must precede the operator with a period. For instance, in Matlab, if you define an array n as follows:

EDU>>n=[0:20];

then the first term of the unit-pulse response is written as 0.5.^n

Matlab Tip: Sometimes it is useful to know the size of arrays you have created. This can be done in several ways. For example, you can use the command size:

EDU>> size(n)

ans =

1 21

The size of the array is returned. In this case, the array n has a size of 1 row by 21 columns.

Alternatively, you can switch the display from the Current Directory to the Workspace. Then all current variables and arrays and their sizes are displayed. Just click on Workspace in the upper left corner as indicated below.

Use the Matlab function recur to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Again consider . Show all that you type into the Matlab command window. Submit a plot of the output with the axes labeled.

The Matlab function recur is not a function which comes with Matlab or any of the toolboxes you have installed. Instead, it is a that must be added to your Matlab directory.

The Matlab function recur can be found in a zip file at the Mathworks site at the following location:

http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=2148

Extract the file recur.m to the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

On the other hand, you can copy and paste the script below into a text file like Notepad and save it as recur.m in the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

function y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0);

% y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0)

% solves for y[n] from:

% y[n] + a1*y[n-1] + a2*y[n-2]... + an*y[n-N]

% = b0*x[n] + b1*x[n-1] + ... + bm*x[n-M]

% a, b, n, x, x0 and y0 are vectors

% a = [a1 a2 ... aN]

% b = [b0 b1 ... bM]

% n contains the time values for which the solution will be computed

% y0 contains the initial conditions for y, in order,

% i.e., y0 = [y[n0-N], y[n0-N+1], ...,y[n0-1]]

% where n0 represents the first element of n

% x0 contains the initial conditions on x, in order

% i.e., x0 = [x[n0-M],...,x[n0-1]]

% the output, y, has length(n)

N = length(a);

M = length(b)-1;

if length(y0) ~= N,

error('Lengths of a and y0 must match')

end

if length(x0) ~= M,

error('Length of x0 must match length of b-1')

end

y = [y0 zeros(1,length(n))];

x = [x0 x];

a1 = a(length(a):-1:1); % reverses the elements in a

b1 = b(length(b):-1:1);

for i=N+1:N+length(n),

y(i) = -a1*y(i-N:i-1)' + b1*x(i-N:i-N+M)';

end

y = y(N+1:N+length(n));

To get information on how to use the function, at the Matlab prompt, type:

EDU>>help recur

It might be helpful to change the index of the difference equation such that the highest index is n rather than n+2.

Are your plots the same? If not, why not?

**PLEASE SEE ATTACHMENT**

July 1, 2023

Watch video entitled “Module 6 – Discrete-Time Signals in MATLAB”
Work the lab activity below using MATLAB.
Include answers for Problems and include MATLAB coding along with any output plots that support solutions into a Word document entitled “Lab6_StudentID”. Where your student id is substituted in the file name.
Upload file “Lab6_StudentID”.

Activity 1:

A discrete-time system has the following unit-pulse response:

for

Correspondingly, the following difference equation describes the behavior of the system:

Use the Matlab command conv to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Consider . Show what you type into the Matlab command window. Also, submit a plot of the output. Be sure to label your axes.

Matlab Tip: Remember that you can easily get help on a command in Matlab by typing help with the command at the prompt:

EDU>>help conv

EDU>>n=[0:20];

then the first term of the unit-pulse response is written as 0.5.^n

Matlab Tip: Sometimes it is useful to know the size of arrays you have created. This can be done in several ways. For example, you can use the command size:

EDU>> size(n)

ans =

1 21

The size of the array is returned. In this case, the array n has a size of 1 row by 21 columns.

Use the Matlab function recur to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Again consider . Show all that you type into the Matlab command window. Submit a plot of the output with the axes labeled.

The Matlab function recur is not a function which comes with Matlab or any of the toolboxes you have installed. Instead, it is a that must be added to your Matlab directory.

The Matlab function recur can be found in a zip file at the Mathworks site at the following location:

http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=2148

Extract the file recur.m to the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

On the other hand, you can copy and paste the script below into a text file like Notepad and save it as recur.m in the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

function y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0);

% y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0)

% solves for y[n] from:

% y[n] + a1*y[n-1] + a2*y[n-2]... + an*y[n-N]

% = b0*x[n] + b1*x[n-1] + ... + bm*x[n-M]

% a, b, n, x, x0 and y0 are vectors

% a = [a1 a2 ... aN]

% b = [b0 b1 ... bM]

% n contains the time values for which the solution will be computed

% y0 contains the initial conditions for y, in order,

% i.e., y0 = [y[n0-N], y[n0-N+1], ...,y[n0-1]]

% where n0 represents the first element of n

% x0 contains the initial conditions on x, in order

% i.e., x0 = [x[n0-M],...,x[n0-1]]

% the output, y, has length(n)

N = length(a);

M = length(b)-1;

if length(y0) ~= N,

error('Lengths of a and y0 must match')

end

if length(x0) ~= M,

error('Length of x0 must match length of b-1')

end

y = [y0 zeros(1,length(n))];

x = [x0 x];

a1 = a(length(a):-1:1); % reverses the elements in a

b1 = b(length(b):-1:1);

for i=N+1:N+length(n),

y(i) = -a1*y(i-N:i-1)' + b1*x(i-N:i-N+M)';

end

y = y(N+1:N+length(n));

To get information on how to use the function, at the Matlab prompt, type:

EDU>>help recur

It might be helpful to change the index of the difference equation such that the highest index is n rather than n+2.

Are your plots the same? If not, why not?

**PLEASE SEE ATTACHMENT**

July 1, 2023

Watch video entitled “Module 6 – Discrete-Time Signals in MATLAB”
Work the lab activity below using MATLAB.
Include answers for Problems and include MATLAB coding along with any output plots that support solutions into a Word document entitled “Lab6_StudentID”. Where your student id is substituted in the file name.
Upload file “Lab6_StudentID”.

Activity 1:

A discrete-time system has the following unit-pulse response:

for

Correspondingly, the following difference equation describes the behavior of the system:

Use the Matlab command conv to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Consider . Show what you type into the Matlab command window. Also, submit a plot of the output. Be sure to label your axes.

Matlab Tip: Remember that you can easily get help on a command in Matlab by typing help with the command at the prompt:

EDU>>help conv

EDU>>n=[0:20];

then the first term of the unit-pulse response is written as 0.5.^n

Matlab Tip: Sometimes it is useful to know the size of arrays you have created. This can be done in several ways. For example, you can use the command size:

EDU>> size(n)

ans =

1 21

The size of the array is returned. In this case, the array n has a size of 1 row by 21 columns.

Use the Matlab function recur to calculate the response of the system to a unit step input, x[n]=u[n]. Again consider . Show all that you type into the Matlab command window. Submit a plot of the output with the axes labeled.

The Matlab function recur is not a function which comes with Matlab or any of the toolboxes you have installed. Instead, it is a that must be added to your Matlab directory.

The Matlab function recur can be found in a zip file at the Mathworks site at the following location:

http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=2148

Extract the file recur.m to the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

On the other hand, you can copy and paste the script below into a text file like Notepad and save it as recur.m in the current directory shown at the top of the Matlab window.

function y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0);

% y = recur(a,b,n,x,x0,y0)

% solves for y[n] from:

% y[n] + a1*y[n-1] + a2*y[n-2]... + an*y[n-N]

% = b0*x[n] + b1*x[n-1] + ... + bm*x[n-M]

% a, b, n, x, x0 and y0 are vectors

% a = [a1 a2 ... aN]

% b = [b0 b1 ... bM]

% n contains the time values for which the solution will be computed

% y0 contains the initial conditions for y, in order,

% i.e., y0 = [y[n0-N], y[n0-N+1], ...,y[n0-1]]

% where n0 represents the first element of n

% x0 contains the initial conditions on x, in order

% i.e., x0 = [x[n0-M],...,x[n0-1]]

% the output, y, has length(n)

N = length(a);

M = length(b)-1;

if length(y0) ~= N,

error('Lengths of a and y0 must match')

end

if length(x0) ~= M,

error('Length of x0 must match length of b-1')

end

y = [y0 zeros(1,length(n))];

x = [x0 x];

a1 = a(length(a):-1:1); % reverses the elements in a

b1 = b(length(b):-1:1);

for i=N+1:N+length(n),

y(i) = -a1*y(i-N:i-1)' + b1*x(i-N:i-N+M)';

end

y = y(N+1:N+length(n));

To get information on how to use the function, at the Matlab prompt, type:

EDU>>help recur

It might be helpful to change the index of the difference equation such that the highest index is n rather than n+2.

Are your plots the same? If not, why not?

**PLEASE SEE ATTACHMENT**

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Psy 319 discussion 2 responses

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