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Q1 Linear Regression (LR) is one of the simplest machine learning algorithms that comes under Supervised Learning technique and used for solving regression problems (Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression, n.d.). It is used for predicting the continuous dependent variable with the help of independent variables. The goal of LR is to find the best fit line that can predict the output for the continuous dependent variable (Mondal, 2020). If predictions are made using a single independent variable, then it is called Simple Linear Regression and if multiple independent variables are used then is called Multiple Linear Regression. By finding the best fit line, we can establish a relationship between the dependent and independent variable. The relationship should be of linear nature. The output for LR should only be a continuous value such as price, age, salary, etc. Figure 1 shows LR.

Linear Regression

Chart, scatter chartDescription automatically generated

Figure 1. Linear Regression. This figure is an example of simple linear regression.

Logistic regression is one of the most popular machine learning algorithms that comes under supervised learning techniques (Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression, n.d.). Although it is mainly used for classification, it can also be used for regression problems. Logistic regression is used to predict the categorical dependent variable with the help of independent variables. The output can be only between the 0 and 1 (Mondal, 2020). This approach is used where the probabilities between two classes is required, for example, if we want to know if it will rain today or not (either 0 or 1, true or false, etc.). Logistic regression is based on the concept of Maximum Likelihood estimation, where the observed data should be most probable. Figure 2 shows a logistic regression curve.

Logistic Regression Curve

Diagram, line chartDescription automatically generated

Figure 2. Logistic Regression Curve. This figure is an example of a logistic regression curve. 

References

Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression. (n.d.). Retrieved from Java T Point: https://www.javatpoint.com/linear-regression-vs-logistic-regression-in-machine-learning

Mondal, S. (2020, December 1). Beginners Take: How Logistic Regression is Related to Linear Regression. Retrieved from Analytics Vidhya: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2020/12/beginners-take-how-logistic-regression-is-related-to-linear-regression/

Q2. 1. Discuss the difference between linear regression and logistic regression.

A:        Linear Regression:  Linear regressions follow a line within a quartile of probability either in a negative regression or a positive regression.  “The outcome variable is continuous” (EMC Education Services, 2015, p. 222).  The assumption must be made that the input and outcome have some kind of relationship following a line when scatter plotted.  Even when the relationships do not have obvious relationships, linear regressions should still be considered, and changes to the data may need to be made in order for them to fit into the parameters of the evaluation.

            Logistic Regression: Logistic regressions are most often used when the dependent variable is categorical (Swaminathan, 2018, p. np).  The output is often in the form of probabilities such as: there is an 80% that the phone call will be spam.  There are three main types of logistic regression: Binary regressions, multinomial regressions, ordinal regressions.  Binary regressions only have two possible outcomes; True or False.  Multinomial regressions have three or more categories without a specific ordering; Dodge, Ford, Honda.  Ordinal regression contains three or more categories that have ordering; 1-star to 5-stars.  One potential use for a logistic regression could the classification of new species of animals, given physical traits through perhaps a decision tree.

            Difference & Similarities: Linear regression is used to answer a regression question while logistic regressions are used to handle the classification of different types of problems. Linear regression finds the best fit line to explain the data, while logistic regression works to fit the data to the curve (Mondal, 2020, p. np).  Both regressions us supervised machine learning using titled datasets to train an algorithm to either classify or predict data/outcomes, while using linear equations for predictions.

References

EMC Education Services. (2015). Data Science & Big Data Analytics: Discovering, Analyzing, Visualizing and Presenting Data. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mondal, S. (2020, December 1). Beginners Take: How Logistic Regression is related to Linear Regression. Retrieved from Analytics Vidhya: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2020/12/beginners-take-how-logistic-regression-is-related-to-linear-regression/

Swaminathan, S. (2018, March 15). Logistic Regression – Detailed Overview. Retrieved from Towards Data Science : https://towardsdatascience.com/logistic-regression-detailed-overview-46c4da4303bc

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July 1, 2023
    

 

71. Beginning inventory, purchases and sales data for tennis rackets are as follows: 

 

Feb 3

Inventory

 

12 units

@

$15

 

     11

Purchase

 

13 units

@

$17

 

     14

Sale

 

18 units

 

 

 

     21

Purchase

 

9 units

@

$20

 

     25

Sale

 

10 units

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assuming the business maintains a perpetual inventory system, calculate the cost of merchandise sold and ending inventory under Last-in, first-out: A. cost of merchandise sold 491; ending inventory 90B. cost of merchandise sold 120; ending inventory 461C. cost of merchandise sold 461; ending inventory 120D. cost of merchandise sold 90; ending inventory 491

72. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $50

First purchase

25 units at $53

Second purchase

30 units at $54

Third purchase

15 units at $60

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the first-in, first-out method? A. $1,030B. $1,140C. $1,170D. $1,060

73. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

10 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the last-in, first-out method? A. $1,230B. $1,220C. $1,240D. $1,340

74. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $61

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $73

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the average cost method? A. $1,300B. $1,305C. $1,415D. $1,236

75. Under a periodic inventory system A. accounting records continuously disclose the amount of inventoryB. a separate account for each type of merchandise is maintained in a subsidiary ledgerC. a physical inventory is taken at the end of the periodD. merchandise inventory is debited when goods are returned to vendors

76. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the lower of cost or market, using the first-in, first-out method, if the current replacement cost is $64 a unit? A. $1,200B. $1,230C. $1,280D. $1,370

77. During a period of consistently rising prices, the method of inventory that will result in reporting the greatest cost of merchandise sold is A. FIFOB. LIFOC. average costD. weighted average

78. During times of rising prices, which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Average costing will yield results that are between those of fifo and lifoB. Lifo will result in a higher cost of merchandise sold than FifoC. Fifo will result in a higher net income than LifoD. Lifo will result in high income taxes than Lifo

79. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the price level is steadily rising, the method of costing that will yield the highest net income is A. periodicB. LIFOC. FIFOD. average

80. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the purchase price is steadily falling, which method of costing will yield the largest net income? A. average costB. LIFOC. FIFOD. weighted average

 

default image
July 1, 2023
    

 

71. Beginning inventory, purchases and sales data for tennis rackets are as follows: 

 

Feb 3

Inventory

 

12 units

@

$15

 

     11

Purchase

 

13 units

@

$17

 

     14

Sale

 

18 units

 

 

 

     21

Purchase

 

9 units

@

$20

 

     25

Sale

 

10 units

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assuming the business maintains a perpetual inventory system, calculate the cost of merchandise sold and ending inventory under Last-in, first-out: A. cost of merchandise sold 491; ending inventory 90B. cost of merchandise sold 120; ending inventory 461C. cost of merchandise sold 461; ending inventory 120D. cost of merchandise sold 90; ending inventory 491

72. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $50

First purchase

25 units at $53

Second purchase

30 units at $54

Third purchase

15 units at $60

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the first-in, first-out method? A. $1,030B. $1,140C. $1,170D. $1,060

73. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

10 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the last-in, first-out method? A. $1,230B. $1,220C. $1,240D. $1,340

74. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $61

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $73

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the average cost method? A. $1,300B. $1,305C. $1,415D. $1,236

75. Under a periodic inventory system A. accounting records continuously disclose the amount of inventoryB. a separate account for each type of merchandise is maintained in a subsidiary ledgerC. a physical inventory is taken at the end of the periodD. merchandise inventory is debited when goods are returned to vendors

76. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the lower of cost or market, using the first-in, first-out method, if the current replacement cost is $64 a unit? A. $1,200B. $1,230C. $1,280D. $1,370

77. During a period of consistently rising prices, the method of inventory that will result in reporting the greatest cost of merchandise sold is A. FIFOB. LIFOC. average costD. weighted average

78. During times of rising prices, which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Average costing will yield results that are between those of fifo and lifoB. Lifo will result in a higher cost of merchandise sold than FifoC. Fifo will result in a higher net income than LifoD. Lifo will result in high income taxes than Lifo

79. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the price level is steadily rising, the method of costing that will yield the highest net income is A. periodicB. LIFOC. FIFOD. average

80. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the purchase price is steadily falling, which method of costing will yield the largest net income? A. average costB. LIFOC. FIFOD. weighted average

 

default image
July 1, 2023
    

 

71. Beginning inventory, purchases and sales data for tennis rackets are as follows: 

 

Feb 3

Inventory

 

12 units

@

$15

 

     11

Purchase

 

13 units

@

$17

 

     14

Sale

 

18 units

 

 

 

     21

Purchase

 

9 units

@

$20

 

     25

Sale

 

10 units

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assuming the business maintains a perpetual inventory system, calculate the cost of merchandise sold and ending inventory under Last-in, first-out: A. cost of merchandise sold 491; ending inventory 90B. cost of merchandise sold 120; ending inventory 461C. cost of merchandise sold 461; ending inventory 120D. cost of merchandise sold 90; ending inventory 491

72. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $50

First purchase

25 units at $53

Second purchase

30 units at $54

Third purchase

15 units at $60

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the first-in, first-out method? A. $1,030B. $1,140C. $1,170D. $1,060

73. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

10 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of inventory at the end of the year according to the last-in, first-out method? A. $1,230B. $1,220C. $1,240D. $1,340

74. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $61

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $73

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the average cost method? A. $1,300B. $1,305C. $1,415D. $1,236

75. Under a periodic inventory system A. accounting records continuously disclose the amount of inventoryB. a separate account for each type of merchandise is maintained in a subsidiary ledgerC. a physical inventory is taken at the end of the periodD. merchandise inventory is debited when goods are returned to vendors

76. The following lots of a particular commodity were available for sale during the year: 

Beginning inventory

10 units at $60

First purchase

25 units at $63

Second purchase

30 units at $64

Third purchase

15 units at $70

 

 

The firm uses the periodic system and there are 20 units of the commodity on hand at the end of the year. What is the amount of the inventory at the end of the year according to the lower of cost or market, using the first-in, first-out method, if the current replacement cost is $64 a unit? A. $1,200B. $1,230C. $1,280D. $1,370

77. During a period of consistently rising prices, the method of inventory that will result in reporting the greatest cost of merchandise sold is A. FIFOB. LIFOC. average costD. weighted average

78. During times of rising prices, which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Average costing will yield results that are between those of fifo and lifoB. Lifo will result in a higher cost of merchandise sold than FifoC. Fifo will result in a higher net income than LifoD. Lifo will result in high income taxes than Lifo

79. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the price level is steadily rising, the method of costing that will yield the highest net income is A. periodicB. LIFOC. FIFOD. average

80. If merchandise inventory is being valued at cost and the purchase price is steadily falling, which method of costing will yield the largest net income? A. average costB. LIFOC. FIFOD. weighted average

 

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