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External link to Question : 37. In the area of cost-volume-profit analysis, the contribution margin ratio : 1229578
Accounting

Question : 37. In the area of cost-volume-profit analysis, the contribution margin ratio : 1229578

    37. In the area of cost-volume-profit analysis, the contribution margin ratio shows how much each dollar of sales contributes to:  A. Covering the fixed costs of the business and providing operating income. B. Fixed expenses and variable expenses. C. Variable expenses and interest charges. D. Variable expenses when production is at normal capacity.     38. The margin of safety is calculated by:  A. Dividing fixed costs plus target income […]

External link to Question : 118.All of the following estimated liabilities except a. liability for vacation pay. b. : 1244456
Accounting

Question : 118.All of the following estimated liabilities except a. liability for vacation pay. b. : 1244456

118.All of the following are estimated liabilities except   a. liability for vacation pay. b. property taxes liability. c. product warranty liability. d. payroll liabilities.       119.During July, Audio City sold 200 radios for $50 each. Each radio had cost Audio City $32 to purchase and carried a two-year warranty. If 5 percent typically need to be replaced over the warranty period and […]

External link to Question : 51. Which of the following important when evaluating long-term investments? A. Investments must : 1251752
Accounting

Question : 51. Which of the following important when evaluating long-term investments? A. Investments must : 1251752

    51. Which of the following is important when evaluating long-term investments?  A. Investments must earn a reasonable rate of return B. Employees are able to determine and propose capital equipment for their divisions or departments C. Proposals should match long term goals. D. All of the above.   52. Which of the following are present value methods of analyzing capital investment proposals?  A. Internal rate of return and average rate […]

External link to Question : 195.Prepare journal entries to record the following merchandising transactions of : 1258817
Accounting

Question : 195.Prepare journal entries to record the following merchandising transactions of : 1258817

      195.Prepare journal entries to record the following merchandising transactions of Margin Company, Inc., which applies the perpetual inventory system. Margin Company, Inc. offers all of its credit customers credit terms of 2/10, n/30.  May 1Purchased merchandise from Craft Company for $7,800 under credit terms of 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point, invoice dated May 1. May 2Purchased merchandise from Bow Company for $10,600 […]

External link to Question : 67. Bad Brad’s would report net cash inflows (outflows) from : 1255772
Accounting

Question : 67. Bad Brad’s would report net cash inflows (outflows) from : 1255772

    67. Bad Brad’s would report net cash inflows (outflows) from investing activities in the amount of: a.$(4,000). b.$100. c.$(3,900). d.$(1,900).     68. Bad Brad’s would report net cash inflows (outflows) from financing activities in the amount of: a.$  1,100. b.$(1,100). c.$    820. d.$    900.     69. We can identify operating activities from income statement information and changes in a. Long-term asset […]

External link to Question : 11) Warranty expense debited in the period that: A) the product : 1212480
Accounting

Question : 11) Warranty expense debited in the period that: A) the product : 1212480

  11) Warranty expense is debited in the period that: A) the product is repaired. B) the product is sold. C) the cash is collected from the customer. D) either the product is sold or the cash is collected. 12) What entry is required when a business estimates warranty payable each period based on sales revenue? A) Estimated Warranty Payable           Warranty Expense   B) […]

External link to Question : 31) Stan’s Shoe Repairs recorded $2,000 of unearned service revenue : 1212574
Accounting

Question : 31) Stan’s Shoe Repairs recorded $2,000 of unearned service revenue : 1212574

31) Stan’s Shoe Repairs recorded $2,000 of unearned service revenue being earned and the collection of $4,000 cash for service revenue previously accrued. The impact of these two entries on total service revenue is: A) a decrease of $2,000. B) an increase of $4,000. C) an increase of $6,000. D) an increase of $2,000. 32) Nuyen Services Company records the payment of $500 cash for […]

External link to Question : 151. Chou Co. has a net income of $43,000, assets at : 1257600
Accounting

Question : 151. Chou Co. has a net income of $43,000, assets at : 1257600

  151. Chou Co. has a net income of $43,000, assets at the beginning of the year are $250,000 and assets at the end of the year are $300,000. Compute its return on assets.  A. 8.4% B. 17.2% C. 14.3% D. 15.6% E. 1.5% 152. U. S. government bonds are:  A. High-risk and high-return investments. B. Low-risk and low-return investments. C. High-risk and low-return investments. D. Low-risk and high-return investments. E. High risk and no-return investments. 153. Risk […]

External link to Question : 75.A small stock dividend recorded at: A. Market value. B. Book value. C. : 1259491
Accounting

Question : 75.A small stock dividend recorded at: A. Market value. B. Book value. C. : 1259491

    75.A small stock dividend is recorded at:    A. Market value.   B. Book value.   C. Par value.   D. No amount, just a memorandum entry is required.         76.Stock splits:    A. Allow management to conserve cash.   B. Give stockholders more shares.   C. Cause no change in total assets, liabilities, or stockholders’ equity.   D. Allow management to conserve cash, give stockholders more shares, and cause […]

External link to Question : 21) All of the following assumed in the above analysis : 1217165
Accounting

Question : 21) All of the following assumed in the above analysis : 1217165

  21) All of the following are assumed in the above analysis EXCEPT: A) a constant product mix B) fixed costs increase when activity increases C) cost and revenue relationships are reflected accurately D) all costs can be classified as either fixed or variable Answer the following questions using the information below:   Franscioso Company sells several products. Information of average revenue and costs is […]

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July 1, 2023
    

7

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Destiny Johnson

Chamberlain University College of Nursing

PHIL 347: Critical Reasoning

Todd Buck

December 1, 2024

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Thesis Statement

The prospect of administering puberty blockers, hormone treatment, and surgery for sex reassignment for young minors presents a problem of ethics of gender-related discomfort and possible risks in a future perspective. While puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects, the irreversible effects from hormone treatment and/or surgeries involves risks, such as regret, medical repercussions, and trauma. Due to the lack of sufficient data about long-term effects, these therapies should be done with extreme care considering the importance of mental health and informed consent to deliver secure, ethical, and personalized care.

Annotated Bibliography

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

The authors used data from a cross-sectional survey of 20, 619 transgender adults aged 18 to 36 years to test their hypothesis that there is an association between suppressing puberty during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. They used self-reported data on the history of use of puberty blockers during adolescence. Their hypothesis was not supported in transgender adults by finding a significant association between receiving pubertal suppression treatments during adolescence and lifetime suicidal ideation. The use of puberty suppressants for transgender adolescents desiring this treatments is linked to favorable mental health outcomes.

This source supports my thesis that puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects as they do not cause permanent changes, but hormone treatment and gender reassignment surgeries may have irreversible consequences, significantly, leading to lasting mental health impacts on minors, especially when they are adults. Although it reveals potential psychological benefits associated with these therapies, it raises concerns about long-term consequences.

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

The authors use data from Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals comprising 70 adolescents who had been introduced to puberty suppression, followed by cross-sex hormones and surgery to review the history of this intervention and supporting evidence. They found positive outcomes immediately after the surgery except for the death of one patient. Puberty blockers may temporarily alleviate juvenile transsexuals’ distress, but may lock them into further medical interventions in the long-term. The therapies may result in lethal physical effects, such as accrual bone mass and unknown effects on the patient’s emotional and cognitive development.

This source strongly supports my thesis that the use of puberty suppression treatments and gender reassignment surgeries my present long-term implications on the client due to the irreversible effects associated. The irreversible therapeutic effects may require clinicians to do careful assessments based on individual cases.

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

The researchers used data from a longitudinal study of 55 young transgender adults with a history of receiving puberty suppression during teen years to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. They evaluated the outcomes of the adolescents before starting puberty suppression, when they received the cross-sex hormones and at least after one year of undergoing gender reassignment surgery. They found significant alleviation of gender dysphoria and steady improvement in psychological functioning. The well-being of this group was similar or better than their counterparts from the general population. They found a positive correlation between postsurgical subjective well-being and enhancements in psychological well-being.

This source supports the thesis that the puberty suppression and gender reassignment therapies may relieve gender dysphoria and improve psychological functioning in the short-term, but careful considerations should be made when administrating these therapies in the contexts of safety, ethics and personalized care. It supports cautious care by suggesting a clinical protocol comprising a multidisciplinary team of physicians, mental health professionals, and surgeons, including puberty suppression, followed by gender reassignment and cross-sex hormones, in supporting gender dysphoric youths seeking such interventions to develop into well-functioning young adults.

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

The researchers used data from a systematic review comprising observational studies (longitudinal and cross-sectional studies) published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal to assess the efficacy of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in enhancing gender and body-related dysphoria, along with Quality of Life (QoL) and psychological well-being. They found that GAHT may body-related and subjective gender dysphoria, QoL and psychological well-being. However, they found most evidence, predominantly from cohort studies and cross-sectional studies to show low to moderate quality in body-related and subjective gender dysphoria improvements. The researchers reveal gaps in the quality measurement or assessment of gender dysphoria, as the primary goal of GAHT. They propose evaluation of the secondary outcomes, including QoL and mental health, as arguably the most critical outcomes of such treatments, providing accuracy of the efficacy of GAHT.

This source supports my thesis by highlighting gaps in evaluating the outcomes of gender-affirming therapies, including mental health and QoL due to low to moderate quality evidence existing to support gender dysphoria improvements. It makes it challenging to draw clear inferences and fails to mirror the external social factors, which have substantial impacts on dysphoria.

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

The researchers employed data from a systematic review comprising studies published in English focused on hormone therapy in children with gender dysphoria to evaluate the effects on psychosocial and mental health, body composition, cognition, and metabolic markers of hormone treatment in such children They found that in the few longitudinal studies included, the outcomes were hindered by small numbers and high attrition rates. As a result, it was difficult to evaluate the long-term effects of hormone therapy on the child’s psychosocial health. They also found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) treatment leads to delayed bone maturity and gaining bone density, which, however, they found to partially recover during cross-sex hormone treatment (CSHT) when studied when patients reached 22 years.

This source supports my thesis by emphasizing the cautious approach to the use of puberty suppression and gender-reaffirming treatments by revealing that the long-term effects of hormone therapy on somatic and psychosocial are largely unknown based on existing literature. The only evidence revealed are the effects of GnRHa, including delayed bone maturity and bone mineral density gain, hence, the need to ensure the safety of such treatments before administering them.

Overall, the existing evidence on the use of puberty suppressants and gender-reassignment surgeries appears to be limited on the long-term impacts of such treatments on patients’ psychosocial well-being, mental health and QoL The reviewed studies suggest the need for cautious, individualized approach to the administration of such therapies, stressing informed consent, mental evaluation and the need for more robust longitudinal studies.

References

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

default image
July 1, 2023
    

7

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Destiny Johnson

Chamberlain University College of Nursing

PHIL 347: Critical Reasoning

Todd Buck

December 1, 2024

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Thesis Statement

The prospect of administering puberty blockers, hormone treatment, and surgery for sex reassignment for young minors presents a problem of ethics of gender-related discomfort and possible risks in a future perspective. While puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects, the irreversible effects from hormone treatment and/or surgeries involves risks, such as regret, medical repercussions, and trauma. Due to the lack of sufficient data about long-term effects, these therapies should be done with extreme care considering the importance of mental health and informed consent to deliver secure, ethical, and personalized care.

Annotated Bibliography

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

The authors used data from a cross-sectional survey of 20, 619 transgender adults aged 18 to 36 years to test their hypothesis that there is an association between suppressing puberty during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. They used self-reported data on the history of use of puberty blockers during adolescence. Their hypothesis was not supported in transgender adults by finding a significant association between receiving pubertal suppression treatments during adolescence and lifetime suicidal ideation. The use of puberty suppressants for transgender adolescents desiring this treatments is linked to favorable mental health outcomes.

This source supports my thesis that puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects as they do not cause permanent changes, but hormone treatment and gender reassignment surgeries may have irreversible consequences, significantly, leading to lasting mental health impacts on minors, especially when they are adults. Although it reveals potential psychological benefits associated with these therapies, it raises concerns about long-term consequences.

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

The authors use data from Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals comprising 70 adolescents who had been introduced to puberty suppression, followed by cross-sex hormones and surgery to review the history of this intervention and supporting evidence. They found positive outcomes immediately after the surgery except for the death of one patient. Puberty blockers may temporarily alleviate juvenile transsexuals’ distress, but may lock them into further medical interventions in the long-term. The therapies may result in lethal physical effects, such as accrual bone mass and unknown effects on the patient’s emotional and cognitive development.

This source strongly supports my thesis that the use of puberty suppression treatments and gender reassignment surgeries my present long-term implications on the client due to the irreversible effects associated. The irreversible therapeutic effects may require clinicians to do careful assessments based on individual cases.

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

The researchers used data from a longitudinal study of 55 young transgender adults with a history of receiving puberty suppression during teen years to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. They evaluated the outcomes of the adolescents before starting puberty suppression, when they received the cross-sex hormones and at least after one year of undergoing gender reassignment surgery. They found significant alleviation of gender dysphoria and steady improvement in psychological functioning. The well-being of this group was similar or better than their counterparts from the general population. They found a positive correlation between postsurgical subjective well-being and enhancements in psychological well-being.

This source supports the thesis that the puberty suppression and gender reassignment therapies may relieve gender dysphoria and improve psychological functioning in the short-term, but careful considerations should be made when administrating these therapies in the contexts of safety, ethics and personalized care. It supports cautious care by suggesting a clinical protocol comprising a multidisciplinary team of physicians, mental health professionals, and surgeons, including puberty suppression, followed by gender reassignment and cross-sex hormones, in supporting gender dysphoric youths seeking such interventions to develop into well-functioning young adults.

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

The researchers used data from a systematic review comprising observational studies (longitudinal and cross-sectional studies) published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal to assess the efficacy of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in enhancing gender and body-related dysphoria, along with Quality of Life (QoL) and psychological well-being. They found that GAHT may body-related and subjective gender dysphoria, QoL and psychological well-being. However, they found most evidence, predominantly from cohort studies and cross-sectional studies to show low to moderate quality in body-related and subjective gender dysphoria improvements. The researchers reveal gaps in the quality measurement or assessment of gender dysphoria, as the primary goal of GAHT. They propose evaluation of the secondary outcomes, including QoL and mental health, as arguably the most critical outcomes of such treatments, providing accuracy of the efficacy of GAHT.

This source supports my thesis by highlighting gaps in evaluating the outcomes of gender-affirming therapies, including mental health and QoL due to low to moderate quality evidence existing to support gender dysphoria improvements. It makes it challenging to draw clear inferences and fails to mirror the external social factors, which have substantial impacts on dysphoria.

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

The researchers employed data from a systematic review comprising studies published in English focused on hormone therapy in children with gender dysphoria to evaluate the effects on psychosocial and mental health, body composition, cognition, and metabolic markers of hormone treatment in such children They found that in the few longitudinal studies included, the outcomes were hindered by small numbers and high attrition rates. As a result, it was difficult to evaluate the long-term effects of hormone therapy on the child’s psychosocial health. They also found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) treatment leads to delayed bone maturity and gaining bone density, which, however, they found to partially recover during cross-sex hormone treatment (CSHT) when studied when patients reached 22 years.

This source supports my thesis by emphasizing the cautious approach to the use of puberty suppression and gender-reaffirming treatments by revealing that the long-term effects of hormone therapy on somatic and psychosocial are largely unknown based on existing literature. The only evidence revealed are the effects of GnRHa, including delayed bone maturity and bone mineral density gain, hence, the need to ensure the safety of such treatments before administering them.

Overall, the existing evidence on the use of puberty suppressants and gender-reassignment surgeries appears to be limited on the long-term impacts of such treatments on patients’ psychosocial well-being, mental health and QoL The reviewed studies suggest the need for cautious, individualized approach to the administration of such therapies, stressing informed consent, mental evaluation and the need for more robust longitudinal studies.

References

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

default image
July 1, 2023
    

7

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Destiny Johnson

Chamberlain University College of Nursing

PHIL 347: Critical Reasoning

Todd Buck

December 1, 2024

Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography

Thesis Statement

The prospect of administering puberty blockers, hormone treatment, and surgery for sex reassignment for young minors presents a problem of ethics of gender-related discomfort and possible risks in a future perspective. While puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects, the irreversible effects from hormone treatment and/or surgeries involves risks, such as regret, medical repercussions, and trauma. Due to the lack of sufficient data about long-term effects, these therapies should be done with extreme care considering the importance of mental health and informed consent to deliver secure, ethical, and personalized care.

Annotated Bibliography

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

The authors used data from a cross-sectional survey of 20, 619 transgender adults aged 18 to 36 years to test their hypothesis that there is an association between suppressing puberty during adolescence and mental health outcomes during adulthood. They used self-reported data on the history of use of puberty blockers during adolescence. Their hypothesis was not supported in transgender adults by finding a significant association between receiving pubertal suppression treatments during adolescence and lifetime suicidal ideation. The use of puberty suppressants for transgender adolescents desiring this treatments is linked to favorable mental health outcomes.

This source supports my thesis that puberty blocking substances might have reversible effects as they do not cause permanent changes, but hormone treatment and gender reassignment surgeries may have irreversible consequences, significantly, leading to lasting mental health impacts on minors, especially when they are adults. Although it reveals potential psychological benefits associated with these therapies, it raises concerns about long-term consequences.

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

The authors use data from Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals comprising 70 adolescents who had been introduced to puberty suppression, followed by cross-sex hormones and surgery to review the history of this intervention and supporting evidence. They found positive outcomes immediately after the surgery except for the death of one patient. Puberty blockers may temporarily alleviate juvenile transsexuals’ distress, but may lock them into further medical interventions in the long-term. The therapies may result in lethal physical effects, such as accrual bone mass and unknown effects on the patient’s emotional and cognitive development.

This source strongly supports my thesis that the use of puberty suppression treatments and gender reassignment surgeries my present long-term implications on the client due to the irreversible effects associated. The irreversible therapeutic effects may require clinicians to do careful assessments based on individual cases.

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

The researchers used data from a longitudinal study of 55 young transgender adults with a history of receiving puberty suppression during teen years to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. They evaluated the outcomes of the adolescents before starting puberty suppression, when they received the cross-sex hormones and at least after one year of undergoing gender reassignment surgery. They found significant alleviation of gender dysphoria and steady improvement in psychological functioning. The well-being of this group was similar or better than their counterparts from the general population. They found a positive correlation between postsurgical subjective well-being and enhancements in psychological well-being.

This source supports the thesis that the puberty suppression and gender reassignment therapies may relieve gender dysphoria and improve psychological functioning in the short-term, but careful considerations should be made when administrating these therapies in the contexts of safety, ethics and personalized care. It supports cautious care by suggesting a clinical protocol comprising a multidisciplinary team of physicians, mental health professionals, and surgeons, including puberty suppression, followed by gender reassignment and cross-sex hormones, in supporting gender dysphoric youths seeking such interventions to develop into well-functioning young adults.

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

The researchers used data from a systematic review comprising observational studies (longitudinal and cross-sectional studies) published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal to assess the efficacy of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in enhancing gender and body-related dysphoria, along with Quality of Life (QoL) and psychological well-being. They found that GAHT may body-related and subjective gender dysphoria, QoL and psychological well-being. However, they found most evidence, predominantly from cohort studies and cross-sectional studies to show low to moderate quality in body-related and subjective gender dysphoria improvements. The researchers reveal gaps in the quality measurement or assessment of gender dysphoria, as the primary goal of GAHT. They propose evaluation of the secondary outcomes, including QoL and mental health, as arguably the most critical outcomes of such treatments, providing accuracy of the efficacy of GAHT.

This source supports my thesis by highlighting gaps in evaluating the outcomes of gender-affirming therapies, including mental health and QoL due to low to moderate quality evidence existing to support gender dysphoria improvements. It makes it challenging to draw clear inferences and fails to mirror the external social factors, which have substantial impacts on dysphoria.

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

The researchers employed data from a systematic review comprising studies published in English focused on hormone therapy in children with gender dysphoria to evaluate the effects on psychosocial and mental health, body composition, cognition, and metabolic markers of hormone treatment in such children They found that in the few longitudinal studies included, the outcomes were hindered by small numbers and high attrition rates. As a result, it was difficult to evaluate the long-term effects of hormone therapy on the child’s psychosocial health. They also found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) treatment leads to delayed bone maturity and gaining bone density, which, however, they found to partially recover during cross-sex hormone treatment (CSHT) when studied when patients reached 22 years.

This source supports my thesis by emphasizing the cautious approach to the use of puberty suppression and gender-reaffirming treatments by revealing that the long-term effects of hormone therapy on somatic and psychosocial are largely unknown based on existing literature. The only evidence revealed are the effects of GnRHa, including delayed bone maturity and bone mineral density gain, hence, the need to ensure the safety of such treatments before administering them.

Overall, the existing evidence on the use of puberty suppressants and gender-reassignment surgeries appears to be limited on the long-term impacts of such treatments on patients’ psychosocial well-being, mental health and QoL The reviewed studies suggest the need for cautious, individualized approach to the administration of such therapies, stressing informed consent, mental evaluation and the need for more robust longitudinal studies.

References

Biggs, M. (2022). The Dutch Protocol for Juvenile Transsexuals: Origins and Evidence. 
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 
49(4), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2121238

de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. 
Pediatrics, 
134(4), 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2958

Ludvigsson, J. F., Adolfsson, J., Höistad, M., Rydelius, P. A., Kriström, B., & Landén, M. (2023). A systematic review of hormone treatment for children with gender dysphoria and recommendations for research. 
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 
112(11), 2279–2292. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16791

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation. 
Pediatrics, 
145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. 
Transgender Health, 
8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094

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