21) Refer to Table 11-3. If this firm continues to produce, what is likely to happen to the product’s price in the long run? A) It will fall. B) It will increase C) It will remain constant. D) It cannot be determined without information on its long run demand curve. 22) Assume price exceeds average variable cost over the relevant range of […]
61.The level of output at which most plant-level scale economies are exhausted is known as _____. A. mass customization B. breakeven point C. minimum efficient scale D. just-in-time E. lean production 62.Uvicon Inc. and Bionor Inc. are firms that compete against each other in the global market. Uvicon Inc. has a high level of fixed costs and high minimum efficient scale, while Bionor Inc. has a low level of […]
31) According to the law of diminishing returns, an additional unit of A) capital produces more output than an additional unit of labor. B) labor decreases output. C) capital produces the same amount of output as an additional unit of labor. D) capital produces more output than the previous unit. E) capital produces less output than the previous unit. 32) The shape of the […]
17.3 Alternative Monetary Policy Strategies 1) Discretionary monetary policy is defined as policy A) for which the markets make all decisions. B) that is based on the judgments of policymakers. C) that is pursued regardless of the current state of the economy. D) that responds to a changing economy with predetermined rules. E) for which the policymaker always publicizes the policy as extensively […]
31) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Had the firm not produced and sold the last 3,000 cell phones, would its profit be higher or lower, and if so by how much? A) Its profit will be $6,700 higher. B) Its profit will be $700 higher. C) Its profit will be $700 lower. D) Its profit will be $6,000 lower. Table 1-1 Hours Open […]
41) A firm’s long-run average cost curve A) shows the minimum cost of producing each possible level of output with a fixed factor. B) shows the relationship between marginal cost and output given that the economically most efficient method of production is employed. C) is the boundary between attainable and unattainable cost levels, with known production technologies and given factor prices. D) is horizontal […]
11) If you make dinner for yourself A) the market value of your dinner is added to GDP. B) your service in preparing the meal is valued at a cook’s wage and added to GDP. C) none of what you bought to prepare for dinner is included in GDP. D) only the market value of ingredients that you purchased this year is added […]
53) The word “util” has been used by economists in the past as an objective measure of utility. Today economists believe that A) utility cannot be measured objectively. B) utility can be measured objectively because people can use prices of different goods to measure utility. C) all of the important conclusions of the economic model of consumer behavior depend on utility being measured […]
21) Prior to 1970, mortgages were ________ resold in the secondary market. A) never B) rarely C) often D) always 22) To reassure investors who were unwilling to buy mortgages in the secondary market, the U.S. Congress used two government sponsored enterprises, ________, to sell bonds to investors and use the funds to purchase mortgages from banks. A) the Fed and the Treasury […]
14.2 Equilibrium Expenditure 1) The components of aggregate expenditure that are not influenced by GDP are known as A) unplanned expenditure. B) induced expenditure. C) planned expenditure. D) autonomous expenditure. E) fixed expenditure. 2) Autonomous expenditure is expenditure that is A) influenced by real GDP. B) influenced by the interest rate. C) not influenced by real GDP. D) not influenced by […]
ALL WORK MUST BE COMPLETELY ORIGINAL AND ON TIME AS ALL ASSIGNMENTS GO THROUGH A TURNIIN PROGRAM
Pavlov’s Dog: An Example of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is an important theory of learning within the behavioral perspective of learning that you explored in Module 1. The key to classical conditioning is that we learn through association, which is quite different from operant conditioning in which we learn through consequence.
When Ivan Pavlov was studying the process of salivation in dogs, he made an accidental, but really important discovery—classical conditioning. He discovered that after pairing the appearance of the researcher with the delivery of food a number of times, the dogs began to salivate as soon as the researcher walked into the room even when he or she was not carrying any food.
Here is a list of the steps of the classically conditioned learning process:
|
Stimulus / Response |
Event |
Outcome |
| Neutral stimulus (NS) | The researcher enters the room—prior to the dog learning that the researcher is associated with food. | There is no response. |
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | Food—the dog naturally responds to the food. |
No learning needed. |
| Unconditioned response (UCR) | The dog salivates because of the food. | The dog did not need to be taught to salivate. |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | The researcher enters the room. | Now, after being paired with the food, the appearance of the researcher has become a learned stimulus. |
| Conditioned response (CR) | Salivation now occurs because of the researcher. | The dog has now learned to salivate in response to the mere presence of the researcher. |
Here is another example of the steps of the classical conditioning process:
You have moved into a new apartment building. The first time you take a shower happens to correspond with the time when someone flushes the toilet. As a result of this flushing, the water in the shower becomes very hot. Now, because of this experience, each time you hear the toilet flush, you jump out of the shower before the temperature of the water changes.
Now, complete the following:
Part 1
Think of a classically conditioned response you have experienced and describe the process of learning this response (what was the process you went through in becoming classically conditioned in this response). Be sure to identify the following:
Part 2
Address the following questions:
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to also include a title page and a reference page. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By Wednesday, June 25, 2014
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