directions for Biochemistry Review Paper

Create a review paper in the style of Annual Reviews in Biochemistry covering one biochemical or intercellular signaling pathway in a cell or cells. This paper should be at least 10 pages in length (using the attached Instructions to Authors) excluding references. Information covered should include:

1. Step-by-step illustration of the biochemical or intercellular signaling pathway (CLO 1, 2).

2. Discussion of the general flows of the pathway (flow of information, flow of mass, flow of energy) and the logic underlying the pathway (why does this arrangement work well?) (CLO 1,2, 3).

3. Indication of key regulatory steps in the pathway and explanation of why this is a logical regulatory step (CLO 1, 2, 4).

4. Indication of how this pathway relates to the central metabolic pathway (glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation) (CLO 2). (Remember that some pathways may not – if that is the case just state this in your paper.)

5. Discuss the commonalities and differences exhibited in this pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (CLO 4).

6. What diseases or disease states are associated with defects in this pathway? If there is no literature, predict what would happen (indicate your rationale) (CLO 1, 2, 4).This is where you will begin to discuss the disease associated with your pathway (diabetes, PDH deficiency, Von Gierke Disease, Sickle cell, Jaundice, etc....)

7. Discuss how the disease states in 6 are differentially expressed in human populations (is there a difference in disease effect or prevalence based on age, sex, geographic location, environmental factors, ancestral origin, race...etc). What are the bases of these differences? If there appears to be no difference in disease effect or prevalence, discuss why. (Example – this is known to be true for sickle cell)

8. Discuss methods used to combat the disease or approaches that are planned. How do/will these work?

________________________________________________________________________________

Paper Format:

10  pages – double spaced –  Times New Roman Font with one inch margins

Cover page, inserted figures, and bibliography do not count towards your final 10 pages of text. 

Look at the review article example.  Review articles are subdivided into sections.  Your text should have organized sections like: steps of the pathway, regulation of the pathway and so on.  All of these should be labelled as subheadings in your review.  The review paper example (as do many scientific journal publications) uses a two column format.  You do not need to try to format your paper this way, one column formatting is fine.

directions for Biochemistry Review Paper

Create a review paper in the style of Annual Reviews in Biochemistry covering one biochemical or intercellular signaling pathway in a cell or cells. This paper should be at least 10 pages in length (using the attached Instructions to Authors) excluding references. Information covered should include:

1. Step-by-step illustration of the biochemical or intercellular signaling pathway (CLO 1, 2).

2. Discussion of the general flows of the pathway (flow of information, flow of mass, flow of energy) and the logic underlying the pathway (why does this arrangement work well?) (CLO 1,2, 3).

3. Indication of key regulatory steps in the pathway and explanation of why this is a logical regulatory step (CLO 1, 2, 4).

4. Indication of how this pathway relates to the central metabolic pathway (glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation) (CLO 2). (Remember that some pathways may not – if that is the case just state this in your paper.)

5. Discuss the commonalities and differences exhibited in this pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (CLO 4).

6. What diseases or disease states are associated with defects in this pathway? If there is no literature, predict what would happen (indicate your rationale) (CLO 1, 2, 4).This is where you will begin to discuss the disease associated with your pathway (diabetes, PDH deficiency, Von Gierke Disease, Sickle cell, Jaundice, etc....)

7. Discuss how the disease states in 6 are differentially expressed in human populations (is there a difference in disease effect or prevalence based on age, sex, geographic location, environmental factors, ancestral origin, race...etc). What are the bases of these differences? If there appears to be no difference in disease effect or prevalence, discuss why. (Example – this is known to be true for sickle cell)

8. Discuss methods used to combat the disease or approaches that are planned. How do/will these work?

________________________________________________________________________________

Paper Format:

10  pages – double spaced –  Times New Roman Font with one inch margins

Cover page, inserted figures, and bibliography do not count towards your final 10 pages of text. 

Look at the review article example.  Review articles are subdivided into sections.  Your text should have organized sections like: steps of the pathway, regulation of the pathway and so on.  All of these should be labelled as subheadings in your review.  The review paper example (as do many scientific journal publications) uses a two column format.  You do not need to try to format your paper this way, one column formatting is fine.

SOCW 6200: Human Behavior and the Social Environment I Week 8

Assignment: Connecting Knowledge and Research

In order to provide the appropriate intervention, social workers first need to have conducted a thorough assessment. Having a comprehensive understanding of a client and their social environment, including the influence of racism and ethnocentrism, allows a social worker to accurately identify the presenting problems and help the client develop goals to address their needs. Not completing a full assessment may result in inaccurately identifying the presenting problem and pushing goals on the client to which they do not agree. A good assessment is the best foundation for treatment planning.

In addition, evidence based practice requires social workers to use the best available evidence to inform their practice decisions. This assignment helps you prepare for the final project by beginning to identify the presenting problem and possible goals, as well as beginning the research process to inform your treatment recommendations when working with the identified client in a case study.

To prepare: Conduct research in the Walden library to locate at least 1 peer-reviewed scholarly resource(s) that could inform your assessment or intervention with the case you plan to use in your final project.

By Day 7 07/24/2021

Submit a 2-3 page paper in APA format 7  in which you:

Identify the case you will be using for the final project

 (  Working With Immigrants and Refugees: The Case of Aaron)

Describe the presenting problem(s)

Describe 2 goals for the client based on their presenting problem

Identify a specific peer-reviewed article and explain how it could inform understanding of the problem/population, development of goals, or intervention and treatment plan

Explain how ethnocentrism and racism may influence the case (make sure to draw from this week’s assigned readings)

Working With Immigrants and Refugees: The Case of Aaron

Working With Immigrants and Refugees: The Case of Aaron

Aaron is a 24-year-old, unmarried, heterosexual, Caribbean immigrant male who is experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Aaron reports no history of mental health treatment nor any medical or legal problems. He admits to social drinking but denies use of illegal substances. He lives alone in a room he rents above the restaurant where he works. He works 24 hours a week as a waiter, has few friends, and is a part-time student at a local university where he is working on an undergraduate degree in biology. Aaron came to speak with me, a university counselor, because he is having difficulty concentrating and finding the motivation to study. Aaron denied any thoughts or plans of suicide or homicide and stated he felt hopeless and nervous.

In the first session, Aaron struggled with sustaining eye contact, presented as preoccupied, and was indifferent to the attempts to engage him in the intake process. When asked what he thought precipitated counseling, Aaron said that he had a difficult relationship with his parents who, he stated, “are not supportive and could care less” about him. He also reported that his younger brother was killed not long ago. When asked what he wanted to work on in counseling, he said that he wanted to address why his family was so “messed up.” Subsequent sessions explored Aaron’s perspective on his family, the strained relationship between Aaron and his parents, and the loss of his sibling.

During one session, Aaron said his parents had always favored his younger brother and overlooked his criminal involvement, which had been a source of conflict between Aaron and his parents for years. While it had not been confirmed, Aaron suspected his brother’s death was related to gang involvement. Aaron shared that his academic interests and achievement had been ignored by his parents and had never been a source of interest for them.

In a subsequent session, Aaron stated that he had always felt disconnected and different from his parents and brother. Aaron’s family immigrated to the United States from Guyana when Aaron was 8 years old and his brother was 2 years old. His parents brought only his brother and left Aaron with his grandmother, informing him they would bring him over when they were settled. Seven years later, at the age of 15, he joined his family. Aaron reported that reuniting with his family after all that time was difficult. Aaron had always felt rejected by his parents because they did not bring him to the United States with his brother. He experienced a void in his relationship with his parents and his brother, and he felt there was an unspoken alliance between his parents and his younger brother that he did not share. Aaron said that he was often made fun of by them for not losing his accent and for his use of their culture’s traditions and customs. They also ridiculed him for being homesick and missing his grandmother. He said that his parents rarely attended the West Indian activities he participated in, and when they did, they spent more time critiquing his performance than enjoying it.

In the following sessions, Aaron was encouraged to tell the story of his family and how the immigration process disrupted their connections with one another and how this may have affected their ability to grieve together as they faced the death of his brother. Using genograms and having Aaron educate me about his country, I was better able to understand his family’s immigration history and the roles played by extended family members. This approach allowed Aaron to talk more about how and when his anxiety and depression manifested. Later I learned that these symptoms had always been mildly present but became more acute after the death of his brother. Aaron grieved the loss of a brother and examined his feelings of loss around his relationship with parents who were both limited in their ability to include him in their own grieving processes.

After several sessions, Aaron was able to talk more openly about his frustration and disappointment with his family and identify the losses they had all incurred. He allowed himself the opportunity to grieve his brother and the lack of relationship with his parents and began to consider the possibility of a new relationship with them. Aaron reported a reduction in his feelings of anxiety and depression and resumed interest in his academic work. Aaron and I discussed termination at the end of the semester with a recommendation that he continue with individual therapy in the summer months.

Working With Immigrants and Refugees:The Case of Aaron

1.What specific intervention strategies (skills, knowledge, etc.) did you use to address this client situation?

I used support, active listening, reflection, reframing, and validation with the client, and I recognized the importance of structure, reliability, and predictability of the social worker in the therapeutic alliance.

2.Which theory or theories did you use to guide your practice?

I used family systems theory, multicultural family theories, and attachment theory.

3.What were the identified strengths of the client(s)?

The client’s strengths included his ability to verbalize and his desire for change and relief. He was also insightful and intelligent and had good judgment.

4.What were the identified challenges faced by the client(s)?

The client was poor and had limited support systems. He was manifesting anxiety and depressive symptoms and was somewhat isolated.

5.What were the agreed-upon goals to be met to address the concern?

We agreed to address family estrangement, grief, and loss, and to work toward a reduction of acute anxious and depressive symptoms.

6.Did you have to address any issues around cultural competence? Did you have to learn about this population/group prior to beginning your work with this client system? If so, what type of research did you do to prepare?

I needed to learn about the growing number of fractured families in the Caribbean immigrant experience. It was important to recognize the role of point of entry for immigrant groups with respect to culture and developmental stage of life and to recognize that structural and cultural oppression was present in the client’s experience with his family and the family experience as immigrants.

7.How would you advocate for social change to positively affect this case?

Perhaps some family intervention in high school or at age 15 would have been of benefit.

8.Is there any additional information that is important to the case?

The client was resourceful in developing alliances and supports when able (i.e., college professor who referred him, employer).

9.Describe any additional personal reflections about this case.

The level of disenfranchisement experienced by the client is underdiscussed. Immigration issues of older adolescents and young adults are distinct, particularly when coupled with reintegration with family.

Follow Rubric Detail

Responsiveness to Directions

13.5 (27%) - 15 (30%)

Assignment fully addresses all instruction prompts.

Content

18 (36%) - 20 (40%)

Paper demonstrates an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the text(s) and Learning Resources. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas. Paper demonstrates exemplary critical thought.

Writing

13.5 (27%) - 15 (30%)

Assignment is well organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is fully consistent with graduate level writing style. Assignment contains multiple, appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment.

Required Readings

Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L.  (2019). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

• Chapter 5,      “Ethnocentrism and Racism” (pp. 233-281)

Melchert, T. P. (2015). Treatment planning. In Biopsychosocial practice: A science-based framework for behavioral health care (pp. 183-209). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.

Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2008). Racial perceptions of young children: A review of literature post-1999. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(2), 201–207

Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115–127.

Svetaz, M. V., Chulani, V., West, K. J., Voss, R., Kelley, M. A., Raymond-Flesch, M., ... & Barkley, L. (2018). Racism and its harmful effects on nondominant racial–ethnic youth and youth-serving providers: A call to action for organizational change: The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2), 257-261.

Link for all articles: 

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BgSevpeEtvMOMWuF0wXWwsCke7e9CtX1?usp=sharing

Week 8: Ethnocentrism and Racism: Impact on Development

Social workers should act to prevent and eliminate domination of, exploitation of, and discrimination against any person, group, or class on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, political belief, religion, or mental or physical disability.

—The National Association of Social Worker’s Code of Ethics (1999)

The development of adolescent minorities can be adversely affected when they are confronted with prejudice, discrimination, and oppression. It is nearly impossible for one to grow up with a sense of self-concept intact in a society that labels one inferior. Trying to establish one’s identity and place in the world becomes a burdensome challenge when surrounded by attitudes and behaviors that limit the ability to develop in socially and psychologically healthy ways. This week you examine the impact that ethnocentrism and racism have on the development of adolescents.

References

Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L.  (2019). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.