11.  Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are: A.  theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B.  theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C.  theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D.  theories suggesting that motivation is a product […]

    111. Which of the following is the best example of vicarious conditioning?  A. Laura quits smoking after watching her friend, a smoker, die of cancer. B. A chimpanzee stacks boxes and climbs them to reach a piece of fruit. C. Wayne learns to play poker by watching his brother. D. A rat learns that he will be rewarded every time he presses a lever. 112. If a group of […]

  101.  For women, binge drinking is defined as having _____ drinks in one sitting. A.  one to two B.  two to three C.  three to four D.  four or more 102.  Of the ethnic groups in the United States, the rate of alcoholism is lowest among _____. A.  East Asians B.  Caucasians C.  Latin Americans D.  African Americans 103.  Jordan is a Caucasian child […]

  MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.Which of the following is NOT an essential proposition of the psychoanalytic approach? a.Mental life is best understood as a dynamic interaction of competing forces. b.Mental life occurs mainly at an unconscious level. c.There is a relationship between a client’s developmental history and current problems. d.Most learning is observational. 2.Defense mechanisms a.are conscious strategies that the ego employs to contain anxiety. b.are […]

  61. Felicia remembers all of her birthday parties from age five on, but she has virtually no memories for the first few years of her life. This is an example of  A. assimilation. B. the critical period. C. terminal drop. D. infantile amnesia. 62. Ling has only one or two memories of anything that happened to her before the age of five. All of the followingare possible explanations for Ling’s […]

  81. Hostile attribution biases become more common between ages  A. 4 and 6. B. 6 and 12. C. 9 and 14. D. 11 and 17. 82. Andy, an eleven-years-old boy, has been living with his father since his parents’ divorce. He usually sees his classmates’ behavior as deliberate attempts of aggression. As a result he reacts violently toward them to defend himself. Which of the following depicts Andy’s behavior?  A. Instrumental […]

  91. Jasper, a first year law student, has been attending classes, staying up late reading, and preparing for his semester exams. With all of these stressors, Jasper is most likely to  A. experience a decline in immune system functioning. B. be at risk for life threatening illnesses. C. be susceptible to depression. D. be linked to Type A behavior. 92. People who display hostility are more likely to suffer from […]

  61.  Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishment? A.  It is ineffective if it is not delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior. B.  Physical punishment sends the message that aggressive behavior is appropriate. C.  It tends to change behavior very slowly. D.  Punishment does not suggest which alternative behaviors might be more desirable. 62.  Behavior that is reinforced every time it […]

    11. Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep and dreaming?  A. It is the only sleep stage in which dreaming occurs. B. The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep. C. It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid. D. Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered.     12. Which of the following statements is […]

  31. In the middle of an especially long and stressful expedition, Sulu went in for a checkup. The doctor told him that his adrenaline and cortisol levels were elevated and that he might be at risk for illness. According to Hans Selye, Sulu is in the _____ stage of the GAS.  A. alarm reaction B. burnout C. exhaustion D. resistance 32. According to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS), when an […]